{"id":6612,"date":"2021-10-21T11:09:45","date_gmt":"2021-10-21T00:09:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/?page_id=6612"},"modified":"2025-06-05T18:49:41","modified_gmt":"2025-06-05T08:49:41","slug":"informed-consent","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/informed-consent\/","title":{"rendered":"INFORMED CONSENT"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6612\" class=\"elementor elementor-6612\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05f10d6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"05f10d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c82348a e-con-full animated-slow e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c82348a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[],&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f532b2 e-con-full animated-slow e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5f532b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[],&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:500}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd7b325 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd7b325\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Informed Consent<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d546ed e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3d546ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3797001 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3797001\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13de8b1 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13de8b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Seeking\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background: 0px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/informed-consent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Informed consent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Informed consent refers to the process of fully informing children and their parents\/carers of the purpose of the research and what their involvement will be, prior to their decision to participate or not. It is an explicit agreement which requires participants to be informed about and have an understanding of the research. Informed consent must be given voluntarily and be renegotiable, so that children may withdraw at any stage of the research process (sometimes referred to as on-going or process consent \/ assent).&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">informed consent<\/a>\u00a0from\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background: 0px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/child\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Child&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC adopts the definition of a child, consistent with Article 1 of the UNCRC, as &amp;quot;every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.\u201d&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">children<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background: 0px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/young-people\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Young people&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Youth is the transitional phase between childhood and adulthood. The term \u2018youth\u2019 is not defined in international law; however, working definitions from the United Nations use the term \u2018youth\u2019 for young people 15 years through to age 24 years. Young people are a heterogeneous group in constant evolution and the experience of \u2018being young\u2019 varies enormously across regions and within countries.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">young people<\/a>\u00a0(as well as from their\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background: 0px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/parent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Parent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A child\u2019s biological or adoptive parent. The term \u2018Parent\u2019 is used throughout the Ethical Guidance sub-sections to refer to parents, carers, guardians and those in parent substitute roles.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">parent<\/a>\/carer) is central to an ethical, children\u2019s rights approach to <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background: 0px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/research\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Research&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC conceptualises research as the collection of data or information within the framework of a methodical study in order to answer specific questions or test hypotheses. This is relevant across the range of research contexts and includes evaluation, monitoring and implementation activities.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">research<\/a>. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background: 0px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/informed-consent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Informed consent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Informed consent refers to the process of fully informing children and their parents\/carers of the purpose of the research and what their involvement will be, prior to their decision to participate or not. It is an explicit agreement which requires participants to be informed about and have an understanding of the research. Informed consent must be given voluntarily and be renegotiable, so that children may withdraw at any stage of the research process (sometimes referred to as on-going or process consent \/ assent).&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Informed consent<\/a>\u00a0signals\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background: 0px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/respect\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Respect&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Respect is one of the three core principles of ERIC (along with benefit and justice). Respect implies valuing children and the context of their lives, and recognition of their dignity. Respect is linked closely with rights. The UNCRC anticipates three dimensions of respect: participation rights, protection rights and provision rights.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">respect<\/a>\u00a0for children\u2019s dignity, their capability to express their views and their right to have these heard in matters that affect them.<\/p><p>Informed consent involves a number of important aspects:<\/p><ul><li><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background: 0px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/child\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Child&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC adopts the definition of a child, consistent with Article 1 of the UNCRC, as &amp;quot;every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.\u201d&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Children<\/a>\u00a0must have an\u00a0<strong>understanding<\/strong>\u00a0of the research and their participation within it;<\/li><li><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background: 0px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/consent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Consent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;See Informed consent&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Consent<\/a>\u00a0should be an explicit\u00a0<strong>agreement<\/strong>\u00a0(typically involving the\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background: 0px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">researchers<\/a>(s), the\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background: 0px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/child\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Child&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC adopts the definition of a child, consistent with Article 1 of the UNCRC, as &amp;quot;every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.\u201d&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">child<\/a>, their parents\/carers and sometimes their institution \/ community leaders);<\/li><li>Children\u2019s\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background: 0px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/consent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Consent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;See Informed consent&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">consent<\/a>\u00a0must be given\u00a0<strong>voluntarily<\/strong>\u00a0(and without coercion); and<\/li><li>Consent should be\u00a0<strong>renegotiable<\/strong>, so that children can withdraw at any stage of the research process.<\/li><\/ul><p>It is important to be aware that children\u2019s understanding of research, and their participation within it, will evolve as the study progresses. Intentionally revisiting informed consent throughout the study is more ethical than relying on initial responses.<\/p><p>Below is an updated overview of the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background: 0px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/eric\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ERIC&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC is the acronym for Ethical Research Involving Children, which is the title of the international, collaborative project that produced the ERIC compendium and the ERIC website. It is not associated in any way with a library database that also has the ERIC acronym.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">ERIC<\/a> approach to informed consent in research involving children.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b656dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b656dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2462cee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2462cee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ca5a65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ca5a65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>You can also download a pdf of the original ERIC guidance on this topic. It is available in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/ERIC-compendium-Ethical-Guidance-Informed-consent-section-only.pdf\" target=\"\u201d_blank\u201d\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/ERIC-compendium-FR_Informed_Consent.pdf\" target=\"\u201d_blank\u201d\" rel=\"noopener\">fran\u00e7ais<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/ERIC-compendium-ES_Informed_Consent.pdf\" target=\"\u201d_blank\u201d\" rel=\"noopener\">espa\u00f1ol<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/ERIC_korean_informed-consent.pdf\" target=\"\u201d_blank\u201d\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/ERIC_Turkish_Informed-Consent.pdf\" target=\"\u201d_blank\u201d\" rel=\"noopener\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/ERIC-Bahasa-Indonesian_informed_-consent.pdf\" target=\"\u201d_blank\u201d\" rel=\"noopener\">Bahasa Indonesia<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74b391c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"74b391c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f2d37a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f2d37a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbb6886 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cbb6886\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2044dac elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"2044dac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Understanding informed consent in research <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bab07ea e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bab07ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-516d779 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"516d779\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b60d66b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b60d66b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e7a66f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9e7a66f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c4b582 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5c4b582\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In most research circumstances, parental (or carer) consent is required to involve children in research. Researchers should then engage with children regarding informed consent (referred to by some researchers as assent or informed assent).<\/p><p>Informed consent is an explicit agreement that requires participants to be informed about, and have an understanding of, the research. In essence, then, informed consent can be understood as comprising two parts: an\u00a0<strong>informing part<\/strong>\u00a0and a\u00a0<strong>consenting part<\/strong>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/meaningful-informed-consent-with-young-children-looking-forward-through-an-interactive-narrative-approach\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mayne, Howitt &amp; Rennie, 2016<\/a>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01afbf2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"01afbf2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7364d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e7364d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"411\" src=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ERIC-Informed-Consent-Bold.001-1024x526.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-10332\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ERIC-Informed-Consent-Bold.001-1024x526.png 1024w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ERIC-Informed-Consent-Bold.001-300x154.png 300w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ERIC-Informed-Consent-Bold.001-768x394.png 768w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/ERIC-Informed-Consent-Bold.001.png 1418w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df2c3ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"df2c3ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4adb732 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4adb732\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0460f87 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0460f87\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c83ba90 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c83ba90\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db41f22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"db41f22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/web-Informing-Graphic.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6618\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/web-Informing-Graphic.png 500w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/web-Informing-Graphic-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/web-Informing-Graphic-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5af7c69 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5af7c69\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79ba41f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79ba41f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The informing aspect reminds of the educative nature of the\u00a0informed consent process. It is about providing children with\u00a0enough clear and appropriate information (taking into account\u00a0age, ability and context) so that they can make an informed\u00a0decision about whether or not to take part. This \u2018informed\u2019\u00a0aspect is underpinned by children\u2019s right to \u2018seek, receive and\u00a0impart information\u2019 (<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #e5e5e5; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; font-family: ERIC, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/uncrc\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;UNCRC&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) 1989 is a human rights treaty setting out the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights of children. Nations that have ratified this convention (196 in total) are bound to it by international law.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">UNCRC<\/a>\u00a0Article 13) (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/working-with-young-children-as-co-researchers-an-approach-informed-by-the-united-nations-convention-on-the-rights-of-the-child\/\">Lundy, McEvoy &amp;\u00a0Byrne, 2011<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/childrens-rights-and-research-processes-assisting-children-to-informed-views\/\">Lundy &amp; McEvoy, 2012<\/a>). Ideally, the \u2018informing\u2019\u00a0process also offers opportunities to ask questions and discuss\u00a0concerns; it opens up dialogue about the research, and what\u00a0participation might involve, that can continue throughout the\u00a0research process (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/ethics-and-consent-in-research-with-children-and-young-people-in-global-development\/\">Truscott, Canosa &amp; Graham, 2024<\/a>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-419084f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"419084f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10cd576 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10cd576\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5923f24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5923f24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Children need to be informed about a range of concepts related to the research process. Some are common to most projects, such as:\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>What &#8216;research&#8217; actually is<\/li><li>What \u00a0privacy, confidentiality and anonymity mean in this research<\/li><li>The voluntary nature of informed consent<\/li><li>That consent is renegotiable?<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0566c45 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0566c45\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bc618 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3bc618\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31e51d5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"31e51d5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05c6816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"05c6816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1001\" src=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/What-is-Research-w.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6674\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/What-is-Research-w.png 1000w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/What-is-Research-w-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/What-is-Research-w-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/What-is-Research-w-550x550.png 550w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d25e3fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d25e3fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Privacy-w.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6671\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Privacy-w.png 1000w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Privacy-w-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Privacy-w-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Privacy-w-550x550.png 550w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7c99da e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d7c99da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d33e78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5d33e78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1002\" src=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Voluntary-w.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6673\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Voluntary-w.png 1000w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Voluntary-w-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Voluntary-w-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Voluntary-w-550x550.png 550w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9dd9ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e9dd9ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Renegotiable-w.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6672\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Renegotiable-w.png 1000w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Renegotiable-w-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Renegotiable-w-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/Renegotiable-w-550x550.png 550w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39f8dd6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"39f8dd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61b6f0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61b6f0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Children will also need project-specific information, such as:<\/p><ul><li>What is this research about? (And, perhaps, why does it need to be done?)<\/li><li>What does participation involve (methods, duration\u2026)?<\/li><li>Are there any\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background: 0px 0px; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: #000000; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/benefit\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Benefit&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Benefit is one of the three core principles of ERIC. In this context, benefit includes the principle of non-maleficence, doing no harm, and the principle of beneficence.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">benefits<\/a>\u00a0or risks related to taking part?<\/li><li>Other practical project details (such as dates, location etc.).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccd7386 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ccd7386\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6019507 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6019507\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31d3ed3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"31d3ed3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6653de6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6653de6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/web-Consenting-Graphic.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6616\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/web-Consenting-Graphic.png 500w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/web-Consenting-Graphic-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/web-Consenting-Graphic-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ed058f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ed058f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8909178 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8909178\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Consenting to research participation is an\u00a0<strong>explicit act of agreement<\/strong>\u00a0that begins at the start of the research process. It is underpinned by children\u2019s right to have their perspectives heard in \u2018matters that affect them\u2019 (<strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/uncrc\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;UNCRC&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) 1989 is a human rights treaty setting out the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights of children. Nations that have ratified this convention (196 in total) are bound to it by international law.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">UNCRC<\/a>\u00a0Article 12<\/strong>). Initial\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ebe6dd; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; font-family: ERIC, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/consent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Consent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;See Informed consent&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">consent<\/a>\u00a0from children can involve a signature, but may also involve a fingerprint, circling an \u2018emoji\u2019, adding a sticker, or ticking an appropriate box, or another approach suited to their communication abilities and the research methods of the study. Consideration should be given to environmental and relational pressures that might influence children\u2019s decisions regarding participation (such as in schools, in families, or in communities). Children should also be informed of their right to\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/dissent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Dissent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Refusal to participate in research. Dissent may occur at any point during the research process. It may manifest as not signing a consent form, it may be verbally stated, or indicated by indirect verbal and non-verbal behaviours, such as saying &amp;quot;I\u2019m tired\u201d, or looking away from, or moving away from the researcher. Children&amp;#039;s dissent should be respected even if this overrides parental\/carer consent.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">dissent<\/a><\/strong>, both initially and at any time throughout the research process. They may require support to voice their\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ebe6dd; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; font-family: ERIC, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/dissent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Dissent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Refusal to participate in research. Dissent may occur at any point during the research process. It may manifest as not signing a consent form, it may be verbally stated, or indicated by indirect verbal and non-verbal behaviours, such as saying &amp;quot;I\u2019m tired\u201d, or looking away from, or moving away from the researcher. Children&amp;#039;s dissent should be respected even if this overrides parental\/carer consent.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">dissent<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ebe6dd; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; font-family: ERIC, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">researchers<\/a>\u00a0need to remain attuned to body language and other non-verbal cues (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/exploring-informed-consent-dissent-childrens-participation-educational-research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bourke &amp; Loveridge, 2014<\/a>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdb0ed2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cdb0ed2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bab0d2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6bab0d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-743fb1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"743fb1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It is important to remember that children\u2019s understanding of research, and their participation within it, will evolve as a study progresses. Approaching informed consent \u00a0as an on-going and relational process that extends throughout the research process, may be more ethical and respectful of children\u2019s rights than relying on initial responses (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/informed-consent-as-a-situated-research-process-in-an-ethnography-of-incarcerated-youth-in-denmark\/\">Bengtsson, 2019<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/ethics-and-consent-in-research-with-children-and-young-people-in-global-development\/\">Truscott, Canosa &amp; Graham, 2024<\/a>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3381\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3381\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What guidance can we draw from the UNCRC in relation to informed consent? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3381\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e237281 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e237281\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3381\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-453ba71 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"453ba71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3381\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-737a41a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"737a41a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74285ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74285ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Children are entitled to see, receive and impart information; they have the right to know what the research is about and what it involves. Adults have a responsibility to ensure that the information makes sense to children and the research does not place them at harm (Article 13).<\/li><li>Children have the right to give their opinion about research and participation, and for adults to listen and take children&#8217;s views seriously (Article 12).<\/li><li>Children have the right to find out things and share what they think with others, by talking, drawing, writing or in any other ways, unless it harms or offends other people (Article 13).<\/li><li>Children should be aware of their rights in research. Researchers should know about these rights and help children learn about them too (Article 42).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3382\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3382\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Summary: Best Practice <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3382\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c0d72f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4c0d72f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3382\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7909b38 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7909b38\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3382\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2a83f0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b2a83f0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3382\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5da9c12 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5da9c12\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0eb901 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0eb901\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Best practice requires that you:<\/h4><ul><li>Make sure all children are fully informed as to the purpose of the research and what their involvement will be.<\/li><li>Ensure all children participating in research have voluntarily (and without coercion) given their own consent to do so.<\/li><li><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background: 0px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/respect\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Respect&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Respect is one of the three core principles of ERIC (along with benefit and justice). Respect implies valuing children and the context of their lives, and recognition of their dignity. Respect is linked closely with rights. The UNCRC anticipates three dimensions of respect: participation rights, protection rights and provision rights.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Respect<\/a>\u00a0children\u2019s decision about participating in research, including their dissent or unwillingness to participate.<\/li><li>Carefully consider the strengths and limitations of obtaining\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"background: 0px 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/parental-consent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Parental consent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The process of gaining informed consent from parents of children who participate in research.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">parental consent<\/a>.<\/li><li>Ensure that children (and others) understand that consent is negotiable and that children can withdraw at any point.<\/li><li>Design the consent process to take into account the evolving capacities of the child, situational pressures and the overall research context.<\/li><li>Consult locally to ascertain if informed consent needs to be obtained from community leaders or representatives.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3383\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3383\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Putting the Guidance into Practice: Reflexive Questions <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3383\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee086b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ee086b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3383\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d786a03 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d786a03\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3383\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5a7f9f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c5a7f9f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3383\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2822ea7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2822ea7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-274cfd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"274cfd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Who do you need to consult prior to involving children in research?<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Which adults, if any, do you need to meet in the family or local community in order to understand the needs and rights of the children involved?<\/li><li>Whose consent do you need for children to be in involved?<\/li><li>What information will you need to provide them with?<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>What information do children need to consent to being involved?<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>How will you find out the information children need?<\/li><li>How will you tell children about the study?<\/li><li>What procedures have been put in place to prevent children being coerced to participate?<\/li><li>What further information will children need as the study progresses to enable them to consider their continued consent, and at what stages?<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>What form will the information for children take?<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Will you provide written information for children? If so, why?<\/li><li>If you do not provide written information, how will you convey the information? Why have you chosen this method?<\/li><li>Is there a designated person that the child (and\/or parents) can go to if they have any questions or concerns (now and in the future)?<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Do children require extra support to contribute?<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>How will you identify the special needs of individual children?<\/li><li>How will you respond to these needs?<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>How will you assess the competence of children to consent?<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>How will you ensure children understand what consent is?<\/li><li>How will you support children to understand and weigh up any risks?<\/li><li>How will you ensure that children are able to withdraw without negative consequences?<\/li><li>How will you ensure children understand that they are able to withdraw consent at any time without penalty?<\/li><li>How will you make provision for gaining children\u2019s informed consent or allowing their dissent at different stages over long-term projects?<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7eaac4b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7eaac4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5412ce3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5412ce3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fb4ca2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fb4ca2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3712290 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3712290\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2976d1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2976d1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Informed Consent: Frequently Asked Questions<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f38bfce elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f38bfce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f91136 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f91136\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d96009 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0d96009\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eba7a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"9eba7a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;one&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1660\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1660\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Are all children capable of providing consent? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1660\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d22cea e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d22cea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1660\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ab909 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37ab909\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1660\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5620e5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f5620e5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1660\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62fc234 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62fc234\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3eaee15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3eaee15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Generally, all children can indicate consent in some way, if we, as researchers, are creative and tune into their efforts to communicate. For example, babies, young children and children with communication difficulties may indicate consent or dissent primarily through body language, which needs to be identified and responded to in the moment. \u00a0<\/p><p>Even if children are unable to engage in conversation, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">researchers<\/a> can provide information appropriate to children\u2019s capabilities. This may be explained verbally, accompanied by written and visual aids and information (see FAQ below: How can researchers ensure that children are fully informed?).\u00a0<\/p><p>In long-term research projects, such as longitudinal studies, children will likely need to receive additional information as the project progresses, appropriate to their age and evolving capacities, in order to consent to their on-going participation. Some projects have clearly defined phases, which lend themselves to gaining children\u2019s consent at each consecutive stage. An important aspect of this is ensuring that children are informed about, and in agreement with, the storage and use of their personal\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/data\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Data&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Data comes in many different formats and is gathered for different purposes, and through different processes, using a wide range of methods. Essentially, research &amp;#039;data\u2019 refers to any information that has been collected, generated or created for the purpose of producing research findings. In research involving children, data may include, but is not limited to, interview transcripts and\/ or notes, observational \/ field notes, survey responses, child or researcher-framed videos or photographs, drawings or other creative works, digital data linked to a social media site, test responses, results of a health or medical test (undertaken as a part of a study). All such data requires appropriate consent to be collected and used, and must be securely stored. &lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">data<\/a>\u00a0over time, particularly in cases of secondary analyses of previously collected data.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1661\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1661\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What is the difference between children's consent and assent? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1661\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-673ecfc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"673ecfc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1661\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84e819f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84e819f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1661\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cec2d05 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cec2d05\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1661\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a29a27d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a29a27d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59475a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"59475a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/assent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;\/p&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Assent&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;An informal agreement to participate in research. Assent is not universally recognised or agreed upon, with some advocating the use of consent in preference to assent.&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Assent<\/a>\u00a0is used in some ethics documentation, particularly in North American and international biomedical guidelines (such as those reviewed by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/best-practices-for-health-research-involving-children-and-adolescents-genetic-pharmaceutical-longitudinal-studies-and-palliative-care-research-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Avard et al., 2012<\/a>). Some researchers advocate the use of\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/assent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;\/p&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Assent&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;An informal agreement to participate in research. Assent is not universally recognised or agreed upon, with some advocating the use of consent in preference to assent.&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">assent<\/a>, the affirmative agreement of a child, rather than consent, to make a distinction between parental \/ carer informed consent and as a useful concept for younger children.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/p><p>However, the use of assent is not universally recognised or supported. When used\u00a0in place of consent it creates a grey area around the &#8216;informing&#8217; aspect of consent and may mean researchers do not engage deeply enough in efforts to inform children. Other criticisms\u00a0are that it could be used to indicate that children are \u2018not refusing\u2019 but with little consideration given to the social and situation conditions in which children are being asked (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/books-and-book-sections\/the-ethics-of-research-with-children-and-young-people-a-practical-handbook\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alderson &amp; Morrow, 2020<\/a>).<\/p><p>Sometimes children&#8217;s comprehension and indications of consent may seem closer to a notion of assent (perhaps particularly with babies, young children, children with communication difficulties or in multi-lingual situations). However, this highlights that neither assent nor indications of consent are sufficient in ensuring ethical integrity, they must be complemented by on-going\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;\/p&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">researcher<\/a>\u00a0reflexivity (sometimes referred to as ethical mindfulness).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1662\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1662\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What material form should children's consent take? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1662\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ef3f01 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8ef3f01\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1662\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6b869c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c6b869c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1662\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8465eb9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8465eb9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1662\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fce105 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6fce105\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea98aa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea98aa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Initial consent usually involves the participant providing a written signature or thumb print, but sometimes a verbal agreement is made. Flexible means of signifying initial consent are essential for children, or parents, who are not able or willing to use written methods. Signing consent forms can be problematic and\/or intimidating for those who are not physically able to, and populations who are not literate or are particularly vulnerable. For example, undocumented migrants may prefer not to sign documents. In some cultural contexts written consent may be highly problematic, if written practices are different or hold other meanings, for example, related to deception, domination or abuse. This may create distress for people if they are required to sign something they do not understand well. \u00a0<\/p><p>In situations where children or parents do not provide written consent at the beginning of research participation it is important to have a planned process and witnesses (or means of auditing) that can verify a proper process was followed and can confirm that the child appears to have given their consent freely.<\/p><p>As flagged above, the ERIC approach requires that consent is an on-going process.\u00a0It is also important to remember that children\u2019s understanding of research, and their participation within it, will evolve as a study progresses. Revisiting aspects of informed consent towards the end of a study (such as at the point of reporting when participants can see what will be reported), may be more ethical and respectful of children\u2019s rights than relying on initial responses (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/ethical-issues-in-online-research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jones, 2011<\/a>; see also this <a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/negotiating-consent-confidentiality-and-privacy-in-focus-groups-with-children-and-young-people\/\">ERIC case study by Tim Moore<\/a>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1663\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1663\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> How can researchers ensure that children are fully informed? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1663\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35261bf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"35261bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1663\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ecfd9c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1ecfd9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1663\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b1d3cc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b1d3cc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1663\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e744a96 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e744a96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1580777 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1580777\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Researchers<\/a>\u00a0can provide information appropriate to children\u2019s age and competencies in written\/ visual form and verbally. Rather than using a formal and scientific (\u2018jargonistic\u2019) form of language, researchers need to translate ideas into very simple terms to promote and enhance understanding. Creative methods of informing children are now widely used, for example, using images, photographs, video and stories (see a range of examples in the ERIC Blog Post: <a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/blog\/supporting-children-to-make-informed-decisions-about-research-participation\/\">Supporting children to make <em>informed<\/em> decisions about research participation<\/a>). The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/but-what-is-a-researcher-supporting-informed-consent-with-young-children-by-laura-benton-and-julia-truscott\/\">ERIC case study by Laura Benton and Julia Truscott<\/a>\u00a0also shares an example of a video resource to educate children about research. Increasingly, researchers are working with child \/ parent reference groups to co-create\u00a0or, at least, to consult and pilot participant information and informed consent materials to confirm understanding and suitability (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/co%e2%80%90creation-of-information-materials-within-the-assent-process-from-theory-to-practice\/\">Fons-Martinez et al., 2023<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/comic-strips-help-children-understand-medical-research-targeting-the-informed-consent-procedure-to-childrens-needs\/\">Grootens et al., 2015<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/supporting-children-and-young-people-when-making-decisions-about-joining-clinical-trials-qualitative-study-to-inform-multimedia-website-development\/\">Martin-Kerry et al., 2019<\/a>).<\/p><p>It is also important that children have a source of information for future reference about what they are consenting to (or that be revisited with non-verbal\/ not-yet-verbal children). Information should include the research topic, the purpose of the research, what participation involves, any potential risks or benefits that the researcher is aware of (appropriate to the age and competencies of the child), the ongoing option to withdraw, and practical matters, such as where the research will take place and how long it will take. In addition, children should be informed as to what the researcher intends to do with what they learn through the research and anything children produce in the process of doing research, such as drawings, artwork and photographs. If the intention is that such products will be taken away by the researcher then this should be made explicit to the children, and issues of ownership and acknowledgement discussed and clarified in order for consent to be given.<\/p><p>However, ensuring that informed consent-related information is received and understood by children (and parents) can be problematic in practice, regardless of how comprehensive and encompassing it is. Mismatches in understanding are likely and can be difficult to detect (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/negotiating-informed-consent-children-school-based-research-critical-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gallagher et al., 2010<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/childrens-knowledge-of-the-terms-of-informed-assent\/\">Lobato et al., 2016<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/obtaining-meaningful-informed-consent-preliminary-results-of-a-study-to-develop-visual-informed-consent-forms-with-children\/\">Ruiz-Casares &amp; Thompson, 2016<\/a>). This is particularly heightened when the researcher\/interviewer and children participating do not speak the same language. The use of interpreters presents unique challenges, with another layer of communication to be navigated in ensuring that the intended meaning of the information is conveyed and received. Simply providing information (particularly in written form) is not enough to ensure understanding; researchers need to engage with ways of ascertaining if potential participants and their parents understand. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/picturing-consent-using-photographs-in-a-visual-consent-form-by-jennifer-thompson\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ERIC case study by Jennifer Thompson<\/a>\u00a0provides an example of using photographs in a visual consent form, to facilitate informed consent in a community with relatively low levels of literacy and limited access to technology.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1664\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1664\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What about obtaining consent from non-participating children in research using visual methods? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1664\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d5dad7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d5dad7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1664\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7e6950 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f7e6950\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1664\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9ff06e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d9ff06e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1664\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67f1149 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"67f1149\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebf20ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ebf20ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When using visual methods with children, such as children taking photographs, other people (including other children) may appear in the pictures. The ethical consideration of gaining informed consent in relation to the child appearing in the visual images can be challenging, particularly as it is often the child\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f8f8f8; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; font-family: ERIC, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/research-participants\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Research participants&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The individuals who take part in a study, either directly or indirectly via a representative, and who have given their informed consent.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">research participant<\/a>\u00a0taking the photo and who is then in the position of asking the child and\/ or parents for consent, with the researcher unlikely to be present. This adds a further layer to the already complex task of ensuring that children and parents are fully informed and understand both the present context of the research and the future use which may be made of the photograph, for example in publications, reports and presentations. In a study by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/picture-this-safety-dignity-and-voice-ethical-research-with-children-practical-considerations-for-the-reflexive-researcher\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Phelan and Kinsella (2013)<\/a>\u00a0the following questions were used to design a process for children: \u201cWhy are you being asked to be in a picture? What will happen to you? What will happen to the pictures?\u201d (p. 83).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1665\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1665\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> How can researchers ensure that children's consent is freely given? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1665\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ea75d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93ea75d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1665\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45a0435 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45a0435\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1665\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0590fba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0590fba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1665\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e6008b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e6008b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f92f08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f92f08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The nature of power relations between adults and children means that it can be difficult to ascertain that children have a genuine choice regarding participation and that their consent is given freely (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/negotiating-informed-consent-children-school-based-research-critical-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gallagher et al., 2010<\/a>). For example, in some contexts, such as educational or medical settings, children\u2019s compliance with adult\/authority requests and requirements is often compulsory. In school settings, the child\u2019s relationships with teachers and peers are also likely to influence the consent process (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/negotiating-informed-consent-children-school-based-research-critical-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gallagher et al., 2010<\/a>). They may also likely view the researcher as a school visitor and feel obliged to co-operate (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/negotiating-informed-consent-children-school-based-research-critical-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gallagher et al., 2010<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/books-and-book-sections\/researching-childrens-experience-methods-and-methodological-issues-2\/\">Hill, 2005<\/a>). It may therefore be difficult for children to decline the request to participate in research and participation could verge on coercion (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/children-and-school-based-research-informed-consent-or-educated-consent\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David, Edwards &amp; Alldred, 2001<\/a>), although recent research offers further insight into children\u2019s\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/agency\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Agency&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Children&amp;#039;s agency refers to their capacity to act, to make choices and decisions, to influence events and to have an impact on their worlds.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">agency<\/a>\u00a0in school contexts (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/its-never-okay-to-say-no-to-teachers-childrens-research-consent-and-dissent-in-conforming-schools-contexts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kirby, 2020<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/using-magnets-to-visualise-informed-consent-in-school-based-fieldwork-with-children-by-marlies-kustatscher\/\">Kustatscher, 2014<\/a>).<\/p><p>It is also important that salary and reward structures for research field staff do not unintentionally provide a perverse incentive to encourage consent from participants. For example,\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/payment\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Payment&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;There are four main forms of payment in research.1. Reimbursement payments \u2013 when children and\/or parents are paid to cover the direct expenses related to participation.2. Compensation payments \u2013 in which children and\/or parents are recompensed for their time, work and effort, and for any inconvenience caused by participation.3. Appreciation payments - bonuses or tokens given to children after their participation to thank them for their contribution (these are often not disclosed during recruitment to reduce coercion).4. Incentive payments \u2013 which are designed to encourage the participation of children in research.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">payment<\/a>\u00a0per interview for field staff, rather than salary, may provide an incentive for staff to persuade potential participants to take part in the research (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/ethical-and-safety-guidelines-for-sexual-and-reproductive-health-research-and-data-collection-with-adolescents-draft\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WHO, 2011<\/a>).<\/p><p>Cultural considerations, such as strong expectations regarding obedience of children to adults or collective decision-making, impact on children\u2019s autonomy and their expressions of willingness to participate, or decline participation, in research (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/child-participation-in-research-reflections-on-ethical-challenges-in-the-southern-african-context-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clacherty &amp; Donald, 2007<\/a>; Truscott, Canosa &amp; Graham, 2024). Children\u2019s consent can be influenced by wanting to show\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/respect\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Respect&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Respect is one of the three core principles of ERIC (along with benefit and justice). Respect implies valuing children and the context of their lives, and recognition of their dignity. Respect is linked closely with rights. The UNCRC anticipates three dimensions of respect: participation rights, protection rights and provision rights.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">respect<\/a>\u00a0to adult caretakers (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/ethical-dilemmas-of-social-science-research-on-aids-and-orphanhood-in-western-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nyambedha, 2008<\/a>), or constrained by power relations in the community (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/the-potential-and-challenges-of-rights-based-research-with-children-and-young-people-experiences-from-bangladesh-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ahsan, 2009<\/a>). In addition, cultural standards and traditions may impact significantly on consent in ways that researchers from outside the community or area are unaware of, or unsure of how to respond to respectfully. For example, the ethics of hospitality are very strong in some cultures and may influence consent and\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/research-relationships\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Research relationships&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The relationships between people who interact during the research process and are integral to good conduct.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">research relationships<\/a>, with people feeling unable to decline participation and sharing food or other items with researchers that they can ill afford (see ERIC Case studies by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/implementing-international-research-ethics-in-the-complex-realities-of-local-contexts-poverty-the-cultural-value-of-hospitality-and-researchers-trying-to-do-no-harm-in-pakistan-s\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sadaf Shallwani<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/research-ethics-committee-conditions-ethical-challenges-of-researching-with-poor-communities-in-malawi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elsbeth Robson<\/a>).<\/p><p>While it is critically important to provide children and parents with information and gain their informed consent in all research, particular care must be taken in biomedical and clinical studies in line with the specific risks. Some children have had their rights infringed through being subjected by business enterprises to unnecessary or inappropriate biomedical research without their or their parents \u0301 full and informed consent being given (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/general-comment-first-draft-on-childs-rights-and-the-business-sector\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2012<\/a>). Special care must be taken in gaining consent to avoid any risks of \u2018therapeutic misconception\u2019 in which individuals do not understand that the defining purpose of clinical research is to produce generalisable knowledge, regardless of any potential\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/benefit\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Benefit&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Benefit is one of the three core principles of ERIC. In this context, benefit includes the principle of non-maleficence, doing no harm, and the principle of beneficence.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">benefit<\/a>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/ethical-and-safety-guidelines-for-sexual-and-reproductive-health-research-and-data-collection-with-adolescents-draft\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WHO, 2011<\/a>). This is an especially high risk in clinical research when participation may be perceived by participants and their families as an opportunity to access medical treatment, and in social and epidemiological research when it may be seen as a route to accessing services or benefits. Consent is thus influenced by raised expectations and unrealistic perceptions of beneficial outcomes. Similarly, children and parents need to be informed of and understand that results from genetic research are more likely to be less certain and may involve clinically unvalidated tests, compared to those used in clinical genetic procedures (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/whither-pediatric-research-and-predisposition-genetic-testing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Patenaude, Senecal &amp; Avard, 2006<\/a>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1666\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1666\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> How can children\u2019s dissent to take part in research be respected? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1666\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2df659 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d2df659\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1666\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f159ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7f159ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1666\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0133af e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d0133af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1666\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f34e98 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6f34e98\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f28e06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f28e06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Respect for children requires researchers to accept children\u2019s decisions regarding participation. It requires them to actively engage with children and assist them to exercise their power and decline participation should they wish (Jackson-Hollis, 2019). Strategies can be discussed and rehearsed with children, assisting them to exercise their dissent or withdraw their participation in the research study (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/the-potential-and-challenges-of-rights-based-research-with-children-and-young-people-experiences-from-bangladesh-2\/%20rel=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ahsan, 2009<\/a>), for example, with younger children, using \u2018stop signs\u2019 can be practised in a playful way before interviews (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/qualitative-research-with-primary-school-aged-children-ethical-and-practical-considerations-of-evalutaing-a-safeguarding-programme-in-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jackson-Hollis, 2019<\/a>). Even with these strategies in place it may be difficult for children to stop their participation in the face of potential or perceived adult disapproval (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/exploring-informed-consent-dissent-childrens-participation-educational-research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bourke &amp; Loveridge, 2014<\/a>). Hence, it is important to attend to children\u2019s visual, verbal and non-verbal cues to monitor unspoken expressions of unease or dissent (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/the-potential-and-challenges-of-rights-based-research-with-children-and-young-people-experiences-from-bangladesh-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ahsan, 2009<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/research-children-sharing-dilemmas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cree, Kay &amp; Tisdall, 2002<\/a>), recognise these points of resistance as children using the power they have to express their response to research participation, and offer sensitive avenues for children to exit or end participation with dignity.<\/p><p>The importance of these can have aded implications in group settings or <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/focus-group\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Focus group&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A research method used in field work whereby a group of people discuss the topic of interest.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">focus group<\/a>\u00a0research. If consent is obtained in a group setting it may be difficult for children to indicate their dissent, due to social and power dynamics at play. For example, doing so may risk disapproval and subsequent bullying or ostracism from their peers. In addition to the strategies above, researchers may build in some informal time before activities begin to allow those who do not want to participate to leave without being noticed.<\/p><p>The issue of consent when engaging in participatory research or ethnography within a confined space presents added difficulties that may not exist within other forms of research. For example, when a\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/parent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Parent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A child\u2019s biological or adoptive parent. The term \u2018Parent\u2019 is used throughout the Ethical Guidance sub-sections to refer to parents, carers, guardians and those in parent substitute roles.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">parent<\/a>\u00a0or child refuses consent, but the researcher nonetheless remains in the setting conducting research with some other children present (see\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/obtaining-informed-and-voluntary-consent-in-a-group-context-by-muireann-ni-raghallaigh-robbie-gilligan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ERIC Case Study by Muireann Ni Raghallaigh and Robbie Gilligan<\/a>). Respect for the individual child might suggest that researchers should ensure there is no note taking or other data collection techniques used that involve the dissenting child (for example, when they are interacting with the rest of the group). \u00a0The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/the-challenge-of-ongoing-consent-by-michael-gaffney\/\">ERIC case study by Michael Gaffney<\/a>\u00a0discusses challenges in obtaining informed consent in ethnographic classroom- based research with children who have a\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/disability\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Disability&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Disability is a complex umbrella term with many culturally constructed meanings. The United Nations Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, defines disability as &amp;quot;long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which, in interaction with various barriers, may hinder [a person\u2019s] full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others\u201d. When applied in the context of children with disability, this definition refers to those who have an impairment (e.g. visual, hearing, intellectual, psychosocial, physical) which in combination with personal and environmental barriers (e.g. inaccessible buildings, stigma and negative attitudes, lack of assistive devices) restricts their full participation (e.g. in school, social life). This definition draws heavily upon that proposed by Kyegombe, N., Banks, L.M. and Kelly, S. et al. (2019) in their publication entitled, How to conduct good quality research on violence against children with disabilities: Key ethical, measurement, and research principles, and published in BMC Public Health.It should be noted that there has been an ongoing debate regarding the language used to refer to people and children with disability, with some advocating an identity-first approach (i.e., disabled children) and others a person-first approach (i.e., children with disability or children with disabilities), which is often the preference of self-advocates. These complexities are explored in the ERIC Case Study by Fathimath Shiraani. Throughout the ERIC Resources we use the term \u2018children with disability\u2019, however this does not necessarily reflect the preferred wording of all contributors.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">disability<\/a>.<\/p><p>Behavioural and verbal signs of dissent need to be sensitively observed and attended to by researchers. Very young children, such as babies and pre-verbal infants (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/chapter-2-involving-children-in-research-in-early-childhood-education-settings-opening-up-the-issues\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dalli &amp; Stephenson, 2010<\/a>), or those with physical disabilities, may not be able to move themselves out of situations in which they are uncomfortable. Children who are able to verbalise may not make an explicit spoken request to withdraw from research (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/understanding-consent-in-research-involving-children-the-ethical-issues-a-handbook-for-human-research-ethics-committees-and-researchers-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spriggs, 2010<\/a>). As noted by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/listening-to-and-involving-young-children-a-review-of-research-and-practice\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clark (2005)<\/a>, listening to children is an active process of communication that is not limited to the spoken word. Behavioural signs of dissent include: passivity; lack of cooperation; fussiness; silence; crying or puckering; constant looks towards the door; lack of eye contact with the researcher; and signs of boredom such as multiple yawns (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/books-and-book-sections\/children-and-consent-to-participate-in-research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Keith-Spiegel, 1983<\/a>). Verbal indicators of dissent made by young children may include: \u2018I want to go to the toilet\u2019; \u2018I\u2019m tired\u2019; \u2018When will I be done?\u2019; and responding repeatedly to direct and age appropriate questions with \u2018I don\u2019t know\u2019 (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/books-and-book-sections\/children-and-consent-to-participate-in-research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Keith-Spiegel, 1983<\/a>; see also the <a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/embracing-the-embarrassment-potential-of-seemingly-unsuccessful-research-interactions-for-critical-professional-development-by-katrin-velten-julia-hoke\/\">ERIC case study by Katrin Velten &amp; Julia H\u00f6ke<\/a>). Even in one-off questionnaire-based studies children may signal dissent by not completing the survey very comprehensively, by making obviously irrelevant answers, or by not participating again if the study is repeated.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1667\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"8\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1667\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Is parental\/adult consent always required in research involving children? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1667\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aee17af e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"aee17af\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1667\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cafdec e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6cafdec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1667\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-768b756 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"768b756\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1667\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-504d869 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"504d869\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67ad228 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67ad228\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In most cultural and institutional contexts, consent from at least one adult gate-keeper (such as a parent, carer, school, community leader) is required prior to approaching children about research participation. Such requirements for adult consent reflect underlying understandings and assumptions about children, childhood, child-parent and wider community relationships.<\/p><p>Consequently, consent from someone in a parental role is generally a standard expectation in research involving children and researchers need to argue why it might not be necessary (or indeed could be harmful) in a particular project. Valid arguments for not gaining parental consent might include the risk of suppression of children\u2019s information, or situations in which it is impossible or inappropriate (see following FAQs below for more detail).<\/p><p>It is critically important to bear in mind that parents and other adults in gate-keeping roles have an important and positive function in protecting children from potential\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/harm\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Harm&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Harm in research includes physical retribution or punishment from others for participating or not participating in research activities, as well as physical harm, emotional distress, anxiety or loss of self-esteem as direct consequences of the research study itself.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">harm<\/a>. However, they can also use their power to censor\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/young-people\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Young people&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Youth is the transitional phase between childhood and adulthood. The term \u2018youth\u2019 is not defined in international law; however, working definitions from the United Nations use the term \u2018youth\u2019 for young people 15 years through to age 24 years. Young people are a heterogeneous group in constant evolution and the experience of \u2018being young\u2019 varies enormously across regions and within countries.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">young people<\/a>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/books-and-book-sections\/doing-research-with-children-and-young-people\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Masson, 2004 (see Fraser et al., 2004)<\/a>) and may not always have the best interests of the child in mind.\u00a0<\/p><p>Adults in\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/gate-keeper\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Gate-keeper&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A person who has the authority to grant formal or informal permission or access to approach other individuals, such as children.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">gate-keeping<\/a>\u00a0positions, especially community and institutional positions, can be hesitant about children&#8217;s direct participation in research, particularly when the children are considered especially vulnerable (such as children in care) or when the topic is considered sensitive (Canosa et al., 2022; <a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/childrens-participation-in-research-on-sensitive-topics-addressing-concerns-of-decision-makers\/\">Powell et al., 2020<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/human-research-ethics-committee-experiences-and-views-about-childrens-participation-in-research-results-from-the-messi-study\/\">Taplin et al., 2021<\/a>). Consequently, parents and other adults play a significant role in restricting researchers\u2019 capacity to include children\u2019s views and limiting children\u2019s participation in research (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/building-capacity-for-ethical-research-with-children-and-young-people-an-international-research-project-to-examine-the-ethical-issues-and-challenges-in-undertaking-research-with-and-for-children-in-d\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Powell et al., 2011<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/childrens-participation-in-research-on-sensitive-topics-addressing-concerns-of-decision-makers\/\">2020<\/a>). Researchers are advised to establish sound relationships with gate-keeping adults (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/parental-consent-and-the-ethics-of-research-with-foster-children-beginning-a-cross-cultural-dialogue\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bogolub &amp; Thomas, 2005<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/ethics-participatory-research-children\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thomas &amp; O\u2019Kane, 1998<\/a>).\u00a0<\/p><p>While the vast majority of parents care deeply and act in the interests of their children, in some instances, the assumption (usually made in gaining parental consent) that parents will always act in their children\u2019s best interests simply may not be true, and the child\u2019s parent may have reasons for not wanting the child to participate based on their own concerns or interests. Parents who are abusive, for example, may not consent to their child participating in research studies for fear of the child revealing the abuse and the researcher subsequently reporting it to authorities. The ERIC case study by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/caregiver-consent-for-child-participation-in-research-reaching-and-protecting-the-most-vulnerable-by-lucie-cluver-franziska-meinck-mark-boyes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lucie Cluver, Franziska Meinck and Mark Boyes<\/a>\u00a0discusses the dilemmas faced conducting research with children affected by HIV and AIDS in South Africa in regard to obtaining informed caregiver consent when guardians were unavailable, unable or unwilling to provide this.<\/p><p>Passive consent procedures, in which parents are only required to let researchers know if they do not want their child to participate, can allow researchers to bypass the usual parental consent requirement, and children to participate and contribute in research. However, this is a contentious area, particularly for young children and those with decision-making impairments. The ethics of this have mostly been debated in relation to sensitive research topics, when gate-keeping is more likely to occur (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/international-literature-review-ethical-issues-in-undertaking-research-with-children-and-young-people-literature-review-for-the-childwatch-international-research-network-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Powell et al., 2012<\/a>).\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/ethics\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Ethics&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Ethics also involves the study and development of our own ethical standards via continual examination of our moral beliefs and conduct.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Ethics<\/a>\u00a0committees tend to favour active consent, or \u2018opt in\u2019 consent procedures, even though they\u00a0may have the effect of silencing children who are dependent on someone else giving consent for them to participate (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/listening-to-children-children-ethics-and-social-research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alderson, 1995<\/a>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1668\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"9\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1668\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What if researchers are unable to obtain parental consent? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1668\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c35f1b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1c35f1b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1668\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ece604 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4ece604\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1668\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e40f736 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e40f736\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1668\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b6485e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5b6485e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f12c3a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f12c3a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The already complex matter of obtaining the informed consent of parents or carers is further complicated in some contexts by practical challenges. These may include difficulties identifying and locating parents or guardians, low rates of literacy, scepticism about signing documents, and concern that signing a consent form may carry risk to participants or their families in certain contexts (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/multiple-methods-complex-dilemmas-negotiating-socio-ethical-spaces-in-participatory-research-with-disadvantaged-children-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Abebe, 2009<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/child-participation-in-research-reflections-on-ethical-challenges-in-the-southern-african-context-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clacherty &amp; Donald, 2007<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/methodological-ethical-issues-research-street-children\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hutz &amp; Koller, 1999<\/a>).<\/p><p>Undertaking research involving children who are unaccompanied or orphaned also significantly complicates issues of consent. The conditions around which this occurs may include humanitarian emergencies, such as situations of civil war, conflict and peace-keeping, or natural disasters. It may also include unaccompanied children migrating to seek refuge in response to humanitarian emergencies or for other reasons. In such situations children are exceptionally vulnerable and the research may be driven by political or other imperatives which are operating under time, resource and other constraints. Therefore, in the absence of parental support and concern for their children\u2019s welfare, it is critically important that the primary factor in deciding children\u2019s participation in research is the best interests of the individual child and that responsible child advocates are involved in the consent process.<\/p><p>Usually, there are caretakers or legal guardians who, in accordance with domestic laws in force, may have similar responsibility and powers as parents. In some instances, the state may have a role regarding responsibility for children that needs to be respected. To this end, some ethical guidelines stipulate a descending order of people from whom consent should be sought or a waiver required. Guidelines prepared by the Human Sciences\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/research\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Research&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC conceptualises research as the collection of data or information within the framework of a methodical study in order to answer specific questions or test hypotheses. This is relevant across the range of research contexts and includes evaluation, monitoring and implementation activities.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Research<\/a>\u00a0Council of South Africa\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/informed-consent-guidelines-re-minors-including-orphans-and-vulnerable-children-ovc-and-parental-substitutes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(2010)<\/a>, Informed consent guidelines re minors (including orphans and\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/vulnerable-children\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Vulnerable children&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A child whose survival, well-being, or development is threatened. Vulnerable children include those who are orphaned, unaccompanied, and separated from family, as well as children with disabilities or who may have special needs.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">vulnerable children<\/a>\u00a0(OVC)) and parental substitutes, for example, suggest the order should be: parent; guardian; foster parent (per order of Children\u2019s Court); caregiver (per Children\u2019s Act); or if minor is a caregiver in a child-headed household then consent should be sought from a responsible person (per s137 Children\u2019s Act), or a trusted adult nominated by the minor, including but not limited to social worker, community worker or teacher.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1669\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"10\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1669\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What if it is inappropriate or impossible to seek parental consent for children? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1669\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb7106b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bb7106b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1669\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3a1159 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f3a1159\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1669\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57c5003 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"57c5003\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1669\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cf8cd1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2cf8cd1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45d33a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45d33a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There are some situations whereby it may be inappropriate or impossible to seek parental consent, for example when children have runaway or homeless (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/ethical-considerations-for-research-and-treatment-with-runaway-and-homeless-adolescents\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Meade &amp; Slesnick, 2002<\/a>), living on the streets (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/ethical-issues-surrounding-studies-with-vulnerable-populations-a-case-study-of-south-african-street-children\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richter, Groft &amp; Prinsloo, 2007<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/researching-street-frequenting-young-people-in-suva-ethical-considerations-and-their-impacts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vakaoti, 2009<\/a>), or emancipated minors (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/intervention-research-youths-elevated-risk-suicide-meeting-ethical-regulatory-challenges-informed-consent-assent\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">King &amp; Kramer, 2008<\/a>).* Some researchers (and\/ or young people) also argue that it is not appropriate to ask for parental consent for studies with sensitive research topics that are\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/confidentiality\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Confidentiality&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The researcher and all staff involved in the research are ethically obliged to treat information acquired during the research process carefully, in confidence, and to not allow this to be revealed to others. Researchers must securely store, protect and dispose of information\/data that has been collected. They must also be prepared to breach confidentiality if a child or others are at risk.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">confidential<\/a>\u00a0and private to the young people participating. This applies, for example, in studies concerning sexuality (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/obtaining-waivers-of-parental-consent-a-strategy-endorsed-by-gay-bisexual-and-queer-adolescent-males-for-health-prevention-research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Flores et al., 2018<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/wont-just-survey-sexual-gender-minority-adolescents-perspectives-risks-benefits-sex-research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Macapagal et al., 2016<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/i-wouldnt-trust-the-parents-to-do-no-harm-to-a-queer-kid-rethinking-parental-permission-requirements-for-youth-participation-in-social-science-research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sims &amp; Nolan, 2021<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/the-ethical-and-methodological-complexities-of-doing-research-with-vulnerable-young-people\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Valentine, Butler &amp; Skelton, 2001<\/a>) or drug use (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/sensitive-research-with-adolescents-just-how-upsetting-are-self-report-surveys-anyway\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Arata, O\u2019Brien, Bowers &amp; Kilbert, 2006<\/a>). In such contexts, researchers have sometimes been able to argue for and ethically navigate research that does not involve parental consent. This is most likely when the research involves older children, for example young people over 15 years of age.\u00a0<\/p><p>*In some countries\/states statutes allow minors to become legally emancipated and treated as an adult for legal purposes, for example, through marriage or based on<br \/>petition from the minor or the minor\u2019s parents (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/intervention-research-youths-elevated-risk-suicide-meeting-ethical-regulatory-challenges-informed-consent-assent\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">King &amp; Kramer, 2008<\/a>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-16610\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"11\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-16610\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Is it ethical to hide or disguise the purpose of research? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-16610\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ea0068 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4ea0068\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-16610\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f83a276 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f83a276\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-16610\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a12f1d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5a12f1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-16610\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-043e4d4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"043e4d4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de8abb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de8abb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Not disclosing information, or covert research, challenges the ethical principles of respect, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: #000000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1); color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; background-position: 0px 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/justice\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Justice&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Justice is one of the three core principles of ERIC (along with benefit and respect). The principle of justice requires researchers to attend to the power differences inherent in the adult\/child research relationship; to find a balance between who receives the benefits from the research and who bears its burdens, and it must underpin decisions about \u2018which\u2019 children will be included\/excluded from research. Children should always be treated fairly and the benefits of research distributed equitably.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">justice<\/a> and honesty, and considerable ethical debate exists as to whether deceit of participants can ever be fully justified.<\/p><p>In some research contexts, however, there may be a tension between wanting to ensure that <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: #000000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1); color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; background-position: 0px 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/research-participants\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Research participants&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The individuals who take part in a study, either directly or indirectly via a representative, and who have given their informed consent.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">research participants<\/a> are fully informed, with consent freely given, and wishing to maximise participation in their research (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/books-and-book-sections\/researching-childrens-experience-methods-and-methodological-issues-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hill, 2005<\/a> (see Greene &amp; Hogan, 2005)). This tension might arise, for example, where full disclosure of the study may place the children in the path of potential harm. Careful consideration then needs to be given as to whether it is safe to go ahead with the research at all.<\/p><p>There may also be some instances where not fully disclosing the focus of research will potentially increase research validity. For example, in naturalistic observations, participants\u2019 knowledge of the specific behaviours that are being recorded (such as, altruistic behaviours \u2013 sharing toys or helping another child) may alter the behaviours that are demonstrated by the participants. Similarly, in some experiments, participants\u2019 knowledge of the study\u2019s purpose\/ research question, experimental conditions and how the scores on outcome variables will be interpreted, may change or manipulate their responses and potentially producing a response bias, inaccurate data and reducing the benefits of the findings.<\/p><p>In such circumstances, researchers need carefully and reflexively consider the information they share with participants in a way that respects the dignity and rights of participating children. They may consider providing a more general overview of the topic of research, while still attending to other aspects of informed consent such as\u00a0fully explaining to children the procedure of the study, the risks involved and the benefits expected, in a manner suitable for their age and competency. Researchers also need to provide age and competency appropriate answers to any questions the children have before, during and after their participation, and to provide support for any ongoing issues arising from their participation.<\/p><p>Reduced disclosure of a research topic is likely only justifiable where the research involves: no more than low risk to participants; potential benefits justify the limited disclosure and possible risk to trust in research and researchers; and the precise extent of limited disclosure is defined and articulated (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/understanding-consent-in-research-involving-children-the-ethical-issues-a-handbook-for-human-research-ethics-committees-and-researchers-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spriggs, 2010<\/a>). Provision of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: #000000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1); color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; background-position: 0px 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/debriefing\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Debriefing&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Debriefing refers to the process of sharing information about the research with participants after the data has been collected. Generally, this involves seeking feedback from research participants and\/or researchers about the research methods, content and process. In experimental research designs, debriefing refers more specifically to providing participants with information that was either withheld (such as the nature of experimental conditions) or misinformation that was provided (i.e., deception) as part of the experimental procedure. In such cases, debriefing aims to undo any harm that may have been caused by the deception\/withholding of information.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">debriefing <\/a>procedures is of vital importance to all research, but particularly so if any deception is used.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-16611\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"12\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-16611\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What about using information provided without consent by children for research purposes? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-16611\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20e3c37 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"20e3c37\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-16611\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ab15f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1ab15f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-16611\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b6f3f6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8b6f3f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-16611\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44489da e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"44489da\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e30de16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e30de16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A significant amount of meaningful and important knowledge about children and their lives can be generated without involving children directly, for example, analysing registries and other <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: #000000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1); font-family: Montserrat; font-size: 18px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; background-position: 0px 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/quantitative-research\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Quantitative research&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A method of inquiry that produces data which can be counted or expressed numerically. Common data collection methods include surveys, clinical trials and experiments. &lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">statistical<\/a> information. However, there are important ethical issues raised for researchers who access, or have privileged access to, children\u2019s information that was provided for purposes other than research. These might be further heightened if the organization holding the records is highly specialised and easily identifiable. For example, a practitioner working in a therapeutic service for children might want to conduct research based on the children\u2019s files, or researchers may want to use information provided by children to child helplines. This raises the question of whether it is ethical to use information, perhaps for a cause such as raising awareness about issues children face, without having asked the children who provided the information for their permission to do this. Realistically, it may not be feasible to ask a distressed child in crisis whether the service might at a later date use their case to raise awareness or influence change. One option, without having gained consent, is for researchers to try turning children\u2019s cases into <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: #000000; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1); font-family: Montserrat; font-size: 18px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; background-position: 0px 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/anonymity\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Anonymity&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Anonymity refers to concealing participants\u2019 identities in all documents resulting from research.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">anonymous<\/a> vignettes. However, the children themselves may still have the impression that their experience, disclosed in confidence, is being used to influence others or for publicity purposes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7bca70 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c7bca70\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36eb77d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36eb77d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Informed Consent: ERIC Case Studies<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c90e7b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1c90e7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b476c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b476c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The following ERIC Case Studies offer insight into how others have approached informed consent processes with children and young people in different research contexts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66fb127 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"66fb127\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0deeae2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0deeae2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/negotiating-consent-confidentiality-and-privacy-in-focus-groups-with-children-and-young-people\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e16c86 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"5e16c86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ea903b animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ea903b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Negotiating confidentiality, privacy and consent in focus groups with children and young people (Australia).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7389654 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7389654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Tim Moore<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea04222 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ea04222\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/obtaining-informed-and-voluntary-consent-in-a-group-context-by-muireann-ni-raghallaigh-robbie-gilligan\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af33d66 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"af33d66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebbbb75 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ebbbb75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Obtaining informed and voluntary consent in a group context (Young asylum seekers, Ireland).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68e19a5 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"68e19a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Muireann N\u00ed Raghallaigh &amp; Robbie Gilligan<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b258bf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b258bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/the-challenge-of-ongoing-consent-by-michael-gaffney\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31b8424 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"31b8424\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f6a644 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f6a644\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The challenge of ongoing consent? (Child with disability, New Zealand)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b08882 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b08882\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Michael Gaffney<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e4e765 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0e4e765\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/caregiver-consent-for-child-participation-in-research-reaching-and-protecting-the-most-vulnerable-by-lucie-cluver-franziska-meinck-mark-boyes\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d56ec9 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"0d56ec9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fc02c5 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2fc02c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Caregiver consent for child participation in research: Reaching and protecting the most vulnerable (South Africa).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac41f11 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac41f11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Lucie Cluver, Franziska Meinck &amp; Mark Boyes<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ec55fb e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ec55fb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/caregiver-consent-for-child-participation-in-research-reaching-and-protecting-the-most-vulnerable-by-lucie-cluver-franziska-meinck-mark-boyes\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69e114c elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"69e114c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5d7133 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5d7133\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Using magnets to visualise informed consent in schoolbased fieldwork with children (Scotland).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7122c26 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7122c26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Marlies Kustatscher<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5c710f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e5c710f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84068bf e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"84068bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/using-magnets-to-visualise-informed-consent-in-school-based-fieldwork-with-children-by-marlies-kustatscher\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6daef4 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"c6daef4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9100c2a animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9100c2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Responding to real world ethical challenges when conducting research with young children in Tanzania.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01e66d3 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"01e66d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Kate McAlpine<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba3cb2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cba3cb2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/responding-to-real-world-ethical-challenges-when-conducting-research-with-young-children-in-tanzania-by-kate-mcalpine\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c044fc elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"0c044fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45495fa animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45495fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Picturing consent: Using photographs in a visual consent form (Sierra Leone).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2346080 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2346080\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Jennifer Thompson<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f49a98c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f49a98c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/picturing-consent-using-photographs-in-a-visual-consent-form-by-jennifer-thompson\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6395112 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"6395112\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bbb1c1 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4bbb1c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Addressing issues of consent and participation in research with young people (Australia).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d89811 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3d89811\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Paulina Billett<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc4305b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bc4305b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/addressing-issues-of-consent-and-participation-in-research-with-young-people-by-paulina-billett\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa5c52c elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"fa5c52c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f9a81c animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f9a81c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Using the narrative approach to informed consent to empower young children and their educators (Australia).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6ccefe animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d6ccefe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Fiona Mayne &amp; Christine Howitt<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a5f2b18 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5a5f2b18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3711d138 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3711d138\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f359620 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f359620\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Keywords<\/strong>: informed consent, child autonomy, participant understanding, ethical participation<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Informed Consent Seeking\u00a0informed consent\u00a0from\u00a0children\u00a0and\u00a0young people\u00a0(as well as from their\u00a0parent\/carer) is central to an ethical, children\u2019s rights approach to research. Informed consent\u00a0signals\u00a0respect\u00a0for children\u2019s dignity, their capability to express their views and their right to have these heard in matters that affect them. Informed consent involves a number of important aspects: Children\u00a0must have an\u00a0understanding\u00a0of the research and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9114,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6612","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6612","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6612"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6612\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11442,"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6612\/revisions\/11442"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9114"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6612"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}