{"id":6630,"date":"2021-10-21T12:17:25","date_gmt":"2021-10-21T01:17:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/?page_id=6630"},"modified":"2024-11-18T10:58:48","modified_gmt":"2024-11-17T23:58:48","slug":"privacy-and-confidentiality","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/privacy-and-confidentiality\/","title":{"rendered":"PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6630\" class=\"elementor elementor-6630\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bfdef2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1bfdef2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fe942a e-con-full animated-slow e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5fe942a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[],&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4de72c1 e-con-full animated-slow e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4de72c1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[],&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:500}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b2e883 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0b2e883\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Privacy and Confidentiality<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22fad14 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"22fad14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf1307e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cf1307e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c99558b animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c99558b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Respecting the privacy and confidentiality of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/child\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Child&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC adopts the definition of a child, consistent with Article 1 of the UNCRC, as &amp;quot;every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.\u201d&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">children<\/a> and <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/young-people\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Young people&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Youth is the transitional phase between childhood and adulthood. The term \u2018youth\u2019 is not defined in international law; however, working definitions from the United Nations use the term \u2018youth\u2019 for young people 15 years through to age 24 years. Young people are a heterogeneous group in constant evolution and the experience of \u2018being young\u2019 varies enormously across regions and within countries.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">young people participating in <\/a><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/research\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Research&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC conceptualises research as the collection of data or information within the framework of a methodical study in order to answer specific questions or test hypotheses. This is relevant across the range of research contexts and includes evaluation, monitoring and implementation activities.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">research <\/a>involves close consideration of several aspects:<\/p><ul><li><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/privacy\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Privacy&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Respecting the privacy of children participating in research involves consideration of: how much information the child wants to reveal, and with whom; privacy in the processes of information gathering\/data collection and storage that allows the exchange of information to be confidential to those involved; and privacy of the research participants so that they are not identifiable in the publication and dissemination of findings.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Privacy<\/a>\u00a0with regard to\u00a0<strong>how much information<\/strong>\u00a0the\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/child\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Child&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC adopts the definition of a child, consistent with Article 1 of the UNCRC, as &amp;quot;every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.\u201d&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">child<\/a>\u00a0wants to reveal or share, and with whom;<\/li><li>How to <strong>discuss research confidentiality<\/strong> with children, including mention of the limits to this (e.g., safety concerns such as\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/harm\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Harm&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Harm in research includes physical retribution or punishment from others for participating or not participating in research activities, as well as physical harm, emotional distress, anxiety or loss of self-esteem as direct consequences of the research study itself.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">harm<\/a>,\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/neglect\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Neglect&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Continued failure to provide for a child\u2019s basic needs, including physical, medical, educational, social, psychological and emotional needs.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">neglect<\/a>\u00a0or abuse), in a way that does not introduce new, potentially worrisome, ideas;<\/li><li>Privacy in the processes of information gathering\/\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/data\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Data&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Data comes in many different formats and is gathered for different purposes, and through different processes, using a wide range of methods. Essentially, research &amp;#039;data\u2019 refers to any information that has been collected, generated or created for the purpose of producing research findings. In research involving children, data may include, but is not limited to, interview transcripts and\/ or notes, observational \/ field notes, survey responses, child or researcher-framed videos or photographs, drawings or other creative works, digital data linked to a social media site, test responses, results of a health or medical test (undertaken as a part of a study). All such data requires appropriate consent to be collected and used, and must be securely stored. &lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">data<\/a>\u00a0collection and storage<\/strong>\u00a0that allows the exchange of information to be confidential to those involved;<\/li><li><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/child\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Child&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC adopts the definition of a child, consistent with Article 1 of the UNCRC, as &amp;quot;every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.\u201d&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Children<\/a>\u2019s\u00a0<strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/anonymity\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Anonymity&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Anonymity refers to concealing participants\u2019 identities in all documents resulting from research.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">anonymity<\/a>\u00a0and \/ or recognition<\/strong>\u00a0in the publication and\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/dissemination\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Dissemination&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The process of communicating research findings.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">dissemination<\/a>\u00a0of research findings and associated activities.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e49578 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e49578\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tensions may arise when\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">researchers<\/a>\u2019 understandings and expectations regarding privacy and confidentiality are at odds with the customary cultural, community or family practices of\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/research-participants\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Research participants&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The individuals who take part in a study, either directly or indirectly via a representative, and who have given their informed consent.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">research participants<\/a>\u00a0or conflict with other ethical considerations, such as child protection.\u00a0<\/p><p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Researchers<\/a>\u00a0have an ethical obligation to report safety concerns, but always be prepared to do so sensitively, consulting with the child involved and following mandatory reporting guidelines if these exist.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1885318 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1885318\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a02a287 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a02a287\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"586\" height=\"586\" src=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-06-at-16.44.27.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-6979\" alt=\"Privacy and Confidentiality\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-06-at-16.44.27.png 586w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-06-at-16.44.27-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-06-at-16.44.27-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Screenshot-2022-04-06-at-16.44.27-550x550.png 550w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 586px) 100vw, 586px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b45fcad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b45fcad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e63461d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e63461d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>You can download a pdf of the full\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/eric\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ERIC&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC is the acronym for Ethical Research Involving Children, which is the title of the international, collaborative project that produced the ERIC compendium and the ERIC website. It is not associated in any way with a library database that also has the ERIC acronym.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">ERIC<\/a> guidance on <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/privacy\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Privacy&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Respecting the privacy of children participating in research involves consideration of: how much information the child wants to reveal, and with whom; privacy in the processes of information gathering\/data collection and storage that allows the exchange of information to be confidential to those involved; and privacy of the research participants so that they are not identifiable in the publication and dissemination of findings.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">privacy<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/confidentiality\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Confidentiality&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The researcher and all staff involved in the research are ethically obliged to treat information acquired during the research process carefully, in confidence, and to not allow this to be revealed to others. Researchers must securely store, protect and dispose of information\/data that has been collected. They must also be prepared to breach confidentiality if a child or others are at risk.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">confidentiality<\/a>. It is available in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/ERIC_Privacy-and-Confidentiality_English.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">English<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/ERIC-privacy-and-confidentiality-FR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fran\u00e7ais<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/ERIC-privacy-and-confidentiality-ES.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">espa\u00f1ol<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/ERIC_privacy-and-confidentiality_korean.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/ERIC_Privacy-and-Confidentiality-Turkish.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/ERIC-Privacy-and-Confidentiality_Bahasa-Indonesian.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bahasa Indonesia<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ba0c18 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5ba0c18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5287e4a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5287e4a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54e3c6b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54e3c6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2598164 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"2598164\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3940\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3940\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Understanding privacy and confidentiality in research <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3940\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d6682e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1d6682e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3940\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5fe6188 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5fe6188\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3940\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14cb77b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"14cb77b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3940\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3bc5bf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3bc5bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d51715 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0d51715\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The ethical principle of\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ebe6dd; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; font-family: ERIC, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/non-maleficence\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Non-maleficence&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The principle of non-maleficence, or doing no harm, requires researchers to avoid harm or injury to children, both through acts of commission or omission.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">non-maleficence<\/a>\u00a0obligates\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ebe6dd; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; font-family: ERIC, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">researchers<\/a>\u00a0to ensure that participants are not harmed or compromised through participation in research. In certain research sectors, dissemination of research findings is a stage where there exists potential to do great\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ebe6dd; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; font-family: ERIC, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/harm\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Harm&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Harm in research includes physical retribution or punishment from others for participating or not participating in research activities, as well as physical harm, emotional distress, anxiety or loss of self-esteem as direct consequences of the research study itself.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">harm<\/a>\u00a0to the well-being of children, their families and communities if they are identifiable, either to others within the community or to powerful groups (such as government departments). Therefore, generally, researchers take care to ensure that participants and their schools or communities will be not identifiable in research reports, presentations, or other means of disseminating findings. Strategies commonly used to help maintain\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ebe6dd; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; font-family: ERIC, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/anonymity\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Anonymity&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Anonymity refers to concealing participants\u2019 identities in all documents resulting from research.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">anonymity<\/a>\u00a0include removing identifying information from reports, changing the name of communities, omitting participants\u2019 names, and using pseudonyms.<\/p><p>However, while anonymity is the norm, it is important to acknowledge that in some contexts children want to be identified in relation to the research and this should be considered if it does not pose any threat to them and\/or provides recognition of their involvement. Harry Shier discusses this carefully in his ERIC blog post: <a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/blog\/anonymity-or-recognition\/\">Anonymity or Recognition: Seeking harmony in an ethical grey area between researcher and researched<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3941\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3941\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What guidance can we draw from the UNCRC in relation to privacy and confidentiality? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3941\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e79e8d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e79e8d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3941\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5d4e72 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c5d4e72\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3941\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abb9848 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"abb9848\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3941\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-768adc1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"768adc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2405b1f animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2405b1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Children have the right to privacy (Article 16).<\/li><li>Children\u2019s best interests should be a primary consideration (Article 3).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3942\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3942\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Summary: Best Practice <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3942\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0636f1f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0636f1f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-586083b animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"586083b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Best practice requires that you:<\/h4><p>\u2022 Respect children\u2019s right to privacy and ensure that their information remains confidential.<br \/>\u2022 Securely store, protect and dispose of information\/data that has been collected.<br \/>\u2022 Be mindful that any assurance about confidentiality also includes explicit mention of the limits to this, and always be prepared to act sensitively on safety concerns.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3943\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3943\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Putting the Guidance into Practice: Reflexive Questions <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3943\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dca4ef e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2dca4ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3943\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7c2c79 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c7c2c79\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3943\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ab3032 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ab3032\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3943\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5660d0b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5660d0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b849d7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b849d7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>How will children\u2019s privacy and confidentiality be respected?<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>How will you ensure children and their families cannot be identified?<\/li><li>How will you respond if children want their contributions to be recognised?<\/li><li>How will privacy be attended to in the research setting?<\/li><li>Do you plan to allow parents or another person in authority to be present when research is being conducted with children? Why? What impact may this have on children\u2019s involvement in the research or the information they may share?<\/li><li>How will you respond if parents or others will not allow children to be interviewed on their own?<\/li><li>What will the gender and number of interviewers be in relation to the children being interviewed? Why?<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3943\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70229eb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70229eb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af09803 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af09803\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>How will you attend to concerns about children\u2019s safety that arise during the research?<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>How will you ensure children (and parents\/carers) understand the circumstances under which confidentiality should be breached? How can you do this without introducing children to potentially worrisome ideas they may not have been aware of?<\/li><li>What actions will you take in response to a child\u2019s disclosure of harm or abuse?<\/li><li>How will you ensure that children are informed in regard to these actions and their views taken into account?<\/li><li>Who else will you need to inform about these actions?<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>How will you ensure that research findings are disseminated safely?<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>How will you ensure that the identities of children, families and communities are not revealed?<\/li><li>How will you respond if child participants or young co-researchers wish to be actively involved in dissemination and related activities?<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3804292 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3804292\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8416ba9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8416ba9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c534bc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5c534bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d119933 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d119933\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90b564f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90b564f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Privacy and Confidentiality: Frequently Asked Questions<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c0ad54 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3c0ad54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eda13e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eda13e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55ed3c5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"55ed3c5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b051bf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"b051bf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1840\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1840\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> How can privacy be provided for children if this is not the usual social\/cultural practice? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1840\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1af0f6b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1af0f6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1840\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1c0e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ee1c0e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34c5398 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"34c5398\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In some cultural contexts privacy may not be the usual experience within families and communities and may be difficult to maintain in research. Parents, family members and other children may join interviews because the cultural customs, power relations, conceptualisations of childhood and status of children precludes privacy for children, and\/or the belief that adults are more able to provide \u2018correct\u2019 answers (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/multiple-methods-complex-dilemmas-negotiating-socio-ethical-spaces-in-participatory-research-with-disadvantaged-children-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Abebe, 2009<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/the-potential-and-challenges-of-rights-based-research-with-children-and-young-people-experiences-from-bangladesh-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ahsan, 2009<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/child-participation-in-research-reflections-on-ethical-challenges-in-the-southern-african-context-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clacherty &amp; Donald, 2007)<\/a>. In such contexts conducting research interviews in public places may draw less attention and consequently allow greater privacy than attempting to find a private location (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/multiple-methods-complex-dilemmas-negotiating-socio-ethical-spaces-in-participatory-research-with-disadvantaged-children-2\/\">Abebe, 2009<\/a>).<\/p><p>The importance of public and social confidentiality (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/books-and-book-sections\/researching-childrens-experience-methods-and-methodological-issues-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hill, 2005 (in Greene &amp; Hogan, 2005)<\/a>) are heightened when members of the research team are from the same or linked communities to the participants. There may also be inherent risks attributable to established social relationships and existing power dynamics with interviewers from the same community, which are beyond the awareness of an \u2018outsider\u2019\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">researcher<\/a>. These may not be readily resolved, even if the risks are recognised, as selecting interviewers from other communities may see aspects of the research relationship, including those related to confidentiality, influenced by historic rivalries or different social backgrounds.<\/p><p>Parents and others may be interested in the information that has been collected and consequently they may ask about the data collected or the content of interviews, which can place the child and the\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">researcher<\/a>\u00a0in an awkward situation. However, respecting the privacy of the child requires the researcher to keep information confidential and not pass it on intentionally or inadvertently (for example, by making comments among research team members in open space) to family members, friends or others known to the child.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1841\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1841\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What location best supports privacy for children in research? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1841\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1478249 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1478249\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1841\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e8249d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0e8249d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f6602c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f6602c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"theplus-accordion-item\" role=\"tab\"><div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2582\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix plus-accordion-content 0 active\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-tab=\"2\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2582\"><div class=\"plus-content-editor\"><p>Social and cultural context will contribute to determining which setting best allows\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/respect\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Respect&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Respect is one of the three core principles of ERIC (along with benefit and justice). Respect implies valuing children and the context of their lives, and recognition of their dignity. Respect is linked closely with rights. The UNCRC anticipates three dimensions of respect: participation rights, protection rights and provision rights.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">respect\u00a0<\/a>for children\u2019s right to privacy and assist them to provide information in research openly and freely. In research contexts in high income countries the usual expectation is that interviewing children in a quiet, private location where it is possible to talk without being overheard or interrupted is the most suitable approach. However, there can be practical difficulties in this approach, as most research occurs in homes, schools or recreational clubs where space may be at a premium (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/being-seen-and-heard-the-ethical-complexities-of-working-with-children-and-young-people-at-home-and-at-school\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Valentine, 1999<\/a>), there can be multiple interruptions (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/dealing-chaos-complexity-reality-interviewing-children-families-homes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MacDonald &amp; Greggans, 2008<\/a>\u00a0), adults may feel entitled to join the child participating in the research (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/child-participation-in-research-reflections-on-ethical-challenges-in-the-southern-african-context-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clacherty &amp; Donald, 2007<\/a>) and children may find it difficult to refuse to participate. If research costs and practicalities allow, ideally, children should be involved in choosing where the research is to take place, in order to find a setting which is most suitable for them.\u00a0<\/p><p>Finding a location that allows privacy can be further complicated by societal concerns about protecting children from abusive adults, which leads to an unease with research being conducted by lone adults in settings that are not public (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/power-positionality-and-practicality-carrying-out-fieldwork-with-children-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barker &amp; Smith, 2001<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/the-geography-of-children-some-ethical-and-methodological-considerations-for-project-and-dissertation-work\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Matthews, Limb &amp; Taylor, 1998<\/a>). It may therefore be advisable to use locations that are visible to others but not within their hearing. However, tensions can arise if there are risks associated with research participation for children which are increased by being visible. The considerations have to be carefully weighed, in the unique context of each research study, to ensure that the risks are minimised and\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/benefit\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Benefit&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Benefit is one of the three core principles of ERIC. In this context, benefit includes the principle of non-maleficence, doing no harm, and the principle of beneficence.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">benefits<\/a> maximised by whatever course of action is taken regarding privacy.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1842\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1842\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> How does the presence of others impact on children's privacy and information gathering during interviews? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1842\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8c43b4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d8c43b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1842\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-503bcda e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"503bcda\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf51706 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf51706\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"theplus-accordion-item\" role=\"tab\"><div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2582\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix plus-accordion-content 0 active\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-tab=\"2\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2582\"><div class=\"plus-content-editor\"><p>Parents or carers may sometimes insist on being present during research interviews, due to their curiosity or concern for the child (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/research-with-children-methodological-issues-and-innovative-techniques\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fargas-Malet, McSherry, Larkin &amp; Robinson, 2010<\/a>), or sometimes a child may wish to have their\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/parent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Parent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A child\u2019s biological or adoptive parent. The term \u2018Parent\u2019 is used throughout the Ethical Guidance sub-sections to refer to parents, carers, guardians and those in parent substitute roles.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">parent<\/a>\u00a0present. In some contexts, when interviews are being conducted, the gender of the interviewer may have a bearing on parents\u2019 decisions regarding privacy. For example, for a range of personal, social and cultural reasons, parents may feel more comfortable having their\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/adolescent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Adolescent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;An individual in the state of development between the onset of puberty and maturity; definitions vary according to culture and custom. The World Health Organisation\u2019s definition is from age 10 years through age 19 years.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">adolescent<\/a>\u00a0daughter interviewed alone by a female researcher, but not by a male. Parental presence can lead to a number of outcomes, both positive and negative, including spontaneous family discussion with more detailed accounts, shy children feeling supported (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/building-capacity-for-ethical-research-with-children-and-young-people-an-international-research-project-to-examine-the-ethical-issues-and-challenges-in-undertaking-research-with-and-for-children-in-d\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Powell et al., 2011<\/a>), parents becoming involved by reinterpreting the questions for children (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/children-research-subjects-risky-enterprise\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hood et al., 1996<\/a>), but also the silencing of children (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/being-seen-and-heard-the-ethical-complexities-of-working-with-children-and-young-people-at-home-and-at-school\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Valentine, 1999<\/a>). The individual child\u2019s response to the\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/parent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Parent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A child\u2019s biological or adoptive parent. The term \u2018Parent\u2019 is used throughout the Ethical Guidance sub-sections to refer to parents, carers, guardians and those in parent substitute roles.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">parent<\/a>\u2019s presence contributes to determining if this is beneficial for the child and the quality of the data collected.<\/p><p>When parents remain present for interviews, a range of covert and overt techniques can be used to minimise parental involvement (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/interviewing-with-children-in-their-homes-putting-ethical-principles-into-practice-and-developing-flexible-techniques\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bushin, 2007<\/a>). These may include, limiting eye contact with the parent, specifically using the child\u2019s name when asking a question, raising\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/subjects\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Subjects&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Can be used to describe the individuals who take part in a study. The term has historically been used to describe a human or animal sample in experimental research, whereas \u2018participants\u2019 has been used more frequently in survey research and qualitative studies.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">subjects<\/a>\u00a0it is more likely only the child would know about, and reiterating the importance of ascertaining the child\u2019s opinions. These suggestions are subject to an awareness of the local context and, if necessary, discussion with community elders, to ensure that any techniques are culturally sensitive.<\/p><p>The researcher may need to adapt their expectations of data collection in response to parents who are reluctant for researchers to interview children privately or insist on being present. Respect for children\u2019s privacy regarding how much information they wish to share, which may be affected by who is present, should be privileged over the researcher\u2019s wish to elicit more information. A degree of\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/reflexivity\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Reflexivity&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The capacity of researchers to reflect critically about the impact of their research on participants and their communities, on researchers themselves, and on the body of knowledge under investigation.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">reflexivity<\/a>\u00a0and flexibility is required on the researcher\u2019s part to ensure that they do not encroach on children\u2019s privacy in their desire to attain quality data.<\/p><p>Some of the challenges that may be encountered in respecting children\u2019s privacy are heightened in research with children with\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/disability\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Disability&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Disability is a complex umbrella term with many culturally constructed meanings. The United Nations Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, defines disability as &amp;quot;long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which, in interaction with various barriers, may hinder [a person\u2019s] full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others\u201d. When applied in the context of children with disability, this definition refers to those who have an impairment (e.g. visual, hearing, intellectual, psychosocial, physical) which in combination with personal and environmental barriers (e.g. inaccessible buildings, stigma and negative attitudes, lack of assistive devices) restricts their full participation (e.g. in school, social life). This definition draws heavily upon that proposed by Kyegombe, N., Banks, L.M. and Kelly, S. et al. (2019) in their publication entitled, How to conduct good quality research on violence against children with disabilities: Key ethical, measurement, and research principles, and published in BMC Public Health.It should be noted that there has been an ongoing debate regarding the language used to refer to people and children with disability, with some advocating an identity-first approach (i.e., disabled children) and others a person-first approach (i.e., children with disability or children with disabilities), which is often the preference of self-advocates. These complexities are explored in the ERIC Case Study by Fathimath Shiraani. Throughout the ERIC Resources we use the term \u2018children with disability\u2019, however this does not necessarily reflect the preferred wording of all contributors.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">disability<\/a>, in which traditionally parents or other adults have been expected to act as proxies representing children\u2019s voices and interests. In her ERIC case study,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/interviewing-children-with-disability-in-the-presence-of-a-parent-by-berni-kelly\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berni Kelly<\/a>, discusses some of the challenges to children\u2019s privacy in this context.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1843\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1843\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> How can confidentiality be respected in research with focus groups? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1843\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33e4c3e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"33e4c3e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1843\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62941fc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"62941fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-caf06d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"caf06d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"theplus-accordion-item\" role=\"tab\"><div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2582\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix plus-accordion-content 0 active\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-tab=\"2\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2582\"><div class=\"plus-content-editor\"><p>Respecting individual privacy and confidentiality in the context of\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; font-family: ERIC, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/focus-group\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Focus group&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A research method used in field work whereby a group of people discuss the topic of interest.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">focus group<\/a>\u00a0consultations is an issue that needs careful reflection (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/ethical-and-safety-guidelines-for-sexual-and-reproductive-health-research-and-data-collection-with-adolescents-draft\/\">WHO, 2011<\/a>). This is particularly important in research within close-knit communities, schools or on\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; font-family: ERIC, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/sensitive-topics\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Sensitive topics&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The definition of a &amp;quot;sensitive&amp;quot; topic in social research is dependent on context, as well as social and cultural norms and values. Sensitive issues for children and young people might relate to sexuality, substance abuse, body image, child abuse\/neglect, family violence, parental separation, death, mental health etc. The level of sensitivity around the topic may vary according to culture, age, gender or other factors. Furthermore, the context of the research \u2013 the location, methods, relationships, process \u2013 can also influence how children feel about being involved in research on different topics. Researchers need to assess and mitigate any threats or harms to the participants, and to themselves, when inquiring into potentially sensitive topics.&amp;lt;span style=&amp;quot;color: #ff4400;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Related Terms:&amp;lt;\/span&amp;gt;Harm,Re-traumatisation,Safeguarding&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">sensitive topics<\/a>. How other children manage private information shared in the research forum requires agreement within the group from the outset and sensitive guidance by the researcher. There may be a need in some research studies for focused de-briefing of\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #ebe6dd; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; font-family: ERIC, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/focus-group\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Focus group&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;A research method used in field work whereby a group of people discuss the topic of interest.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">focus group<\/a>\u00a0participants with the aim of defusing any potential difficulties for the child once the research group has disbanded (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/marathon-hurdle-towards-childrens-informed-consent-study-safety\/\">Moore, McArthur &amp; Noble-Carr, 2017<\/a>; see also this\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/negotiating-consent-confidentiality-and-privacy-in-focus-groups-with-children-and-young-people\/\">ERIC case study by Tim Moore<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1844\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1844\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What are the limits to confidentiality when there are safety concerns? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1844\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcbb4d9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"fcbb4d9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1844\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5944e18 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5944e18\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c69210c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c69210c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"theplus-accordion-item\" role=\"tab\"><div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2582\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix plus-accordion-content 0 active\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-tab=\"2\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2582\"><div class=\"plus-content-editor\"><p>A significant ethical challenge can arise in research involving children when researchers suspect\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/child-abuse\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Child abuse&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Any action or lack of action by individuals or institutions that directly or indirectly harms children, makes them unsafe, or prevents healthy development. Different forms of child abuse include neglect, sexual, physical and emotional abuse.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">child abuse<\/a>\u00a0or other unsafe or criminal activity, or have acquired information indicating this from child participants (intentionally or inadvertently shared on the child\u2019s part). This might include discovering that a child is being abused or neglected; is being harmed or threatening to harm her\/himself or another person (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/ethical-approaches-to-gathering-information-from-children-and-adolescents-in-international-settings-guidelines-and-resources\/\">Schenk &amp; Williamson, 2005<\/a>); or has a communicable or sexually transmitted disease requiring notification (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/best-practices-for-health-research-involving-children-and-adolescents-genetic-pharmaceutical-longitudinal-studies-and-palliative-care-research-2\/\">Avard et al., 2011<\/a>). The researcher has to decide whether to share the information and with whom, for example, parents, the police, or care and protection agencies. This is a particularly contentious matter, and opinions and practice about breaching confidentiality to report suspected\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/child-abuse\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Child abuse&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Any action or lack of action by individuals or institutions that directly or indirectly harms children, makes them unsafe, or prevents healthy development. Different forms of child abuse include neglect, sexual, physical and emotional abuse.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">child abuse<\/a>\u00a0are divergent (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/the-importance-of-confidentiality-research-and-promises-of-confidentiality-to-children-a-legal-commentary\/\">Cashmore, 2006<\/a>). In such instances,\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/respect\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Respect&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Respect is one of the three core principles of ERIC (along with benefit and justice). Respect implies valuing children and the context of their lives, and recognition of their dignity. Respect is linked closely with rights. The UNCRC anticipates three dimensions of respect: participation rights, protection rights and provision rights.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">respect<\/a>\u00a0for the child\u2019s autonomy and right to confidentiality may directly conflict with the researcher\u2019s ethical responsibility to ensure that children are protected from harm. This issue may be further complicated if the researcher is a practitioner who has a dual role with the children involved in research, and the\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/ethics\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Ethics&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Ethics also involves the study and development of our own ethical standards via continual examination of our moral beliefs and conduct.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">ethics\u00a0<\/a>of confidentiality directly conflict with professional standards.<\/p><p>The challenge involves the prioritising of ethical principles. The principle of respect for children\u2019s dignity and preservation of confidentiality underlies arguments against reporting issues such as suspected child abuse. Other arguments centre on the principle of\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/beneficence\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Beneficence&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Beneficence refers to actions that improve well-being and a researcher\u2019s obligation to strive for their research to improve the status, rights and\/or well-being of children.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">beneficence<\/a>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/ethical-principles-guiding-research-on-child-and-adolescent-subjects\/\">King &amp; Churchill, 2000<\/a>), on the basis that reporting will decrease the risk to the child, which can be perceived as a beneficial outcome (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/methodological-and-ethical-challenges-associated-with-child-self-report-of-maltreatment-solutions-implemented-by-the-longscan-consortium\/\">Knight et al., 2000<\/a>).<\/p><p>There are numerous views about confidentiality and reporting concerns in research involving children. Some researchers recommend ensuring rather than guaranteeing confidentiality, and informing participants explicitly, prior to starting data collection, of the limits of confidentiality, the actions that will follow any safety concerns and which organizations will be involved (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/is-my-mum-going-to-hear-this-methodological-and-ethical-challenges-in-qualitative-health-research-with-young-people\/\">Duncan et al., 2009<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/ethical-considerations-for-research-and-treatment-with-runaway-and-homeless-adolescents\/\">Meade &amp; Slesnick, 2002<\/a>). A consequence of being explicit about the limits to confidentiality may be the loss of participants at the stage of recruitment, and attrition during the study, as well as impacting on the completeness and quality of the information obtained.<\/p><p>However, researchers\u2019 ethical commitment to respecting children is not diminished by applying limits to confidentiality and, being explicit in relation to these, allows for respectful conversations with children about the relevant issues.<\/p><p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Researchers<\/a>, ideally, should be able to talk with children before acting on any concerns and, where possible, plan the safest and most effective ways to take action, thus applying good practice in supporting children\u2019s participation which promotes the safety and protection of children (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/ethical-guidelines-for-ethical-meaningful-and-inclusive-childrens-participation-practice\/\">Feinstein &amp; O\u2019Kane, 2008<\/a>; see also the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/negotiating-consent-confidentiality-and-privacy-in-focus-groups-with-children-and-young-people\/\">ERIC Case Study by Tim Moore<\/a>). Ultimately though, it is the researcher\u2019s responsibility to ensure that the safety of children is prioritised. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/child-protection-and-confidentiality-surveying-childrens-experiences-of-violence-abuse-and-neglect-by-lorraine-radford\/\">ERIC case study by Lorraine Radford<\/a>\u00a0discusses ethical dilemmas related to protecting children and addressing confidentiality, in a UK study about children\u2019s experiences of violence, abuse and\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/neglect\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Neglect&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Continued failure to provide for a child\u2019s basic needs, including physical, medical, educational, social, psychological and emotional needs.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">neglect<\/a>. It describes a system that was put in place with alert, review and referral processes.<\/p><p>The age of the child and the familial, as well as societal, context may have some bearing on the approach taken by the researcher in regard to child protection. The researcher response needs to take the evolving capacities of the child into account in relation to the perceived concern, potential reporting action, inclusion of the child in deciding this and the possible outcomes. For example, it seems unlikely in some situations that older children or\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/young-people\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Young people&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Youth is the transitional phase between childhood and adulthood. The term \u2018youth\u2019 is not defined in international law; however, working definitions from the United Nations use the term \u2018youth\u2019 for young people 15 years through to age 24 years. Young people are a heterogeneous group in constant evolution and the experience of \u2018being young\u2019 varies enormously across regions and within countries.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">youth<\/a>\u00a0would agree to participate in research if they thought that such participation would result in them being referred to the authorities of whom they (and perhaps the researcher) are mistrustful. In addition, researchers need to be aware of both law and customary law on when adulthood is reached, recognising that there are differences between countries in relation to these. \u00a0<\/p><p>In\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/peer-research\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Peer research&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Peer research is a methodology in which children and young people actively participate as researchers in a study with child respondents.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">peer research<\/a>\u00a0it is important that training is given, parameters of confidentiality are clear and that support mechanisms are in place for young researchers. The\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/peer-research-and-young-people-in-and-leaving-out-of-home-care-by-clare-lushey-and-emily-r-munro\/\">ERIC case study by Clare Lushey and Emily Munro<\/a>\u00a0looks at challenges that arose in\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/peer-research\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Peer research&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Peer research is a methodology in which children and young people actively participate as researchers in a study with child respondents.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">peer research<\/a>, with regard to differing degrees of concern and opinions about confidentiality in relation to a specific incident.<\/p><p>In some countries or regions, legal or professional requirements may mandate reporting of suspected child abuse (for example, by health professionals, teachers and psychologists). Researchers as a professional group may not always be specifically mandated to report. However, researchers need to be aware of local requirements and whether the decision to report concerns or knowledge regarding harm or potential harm to children is a legal one as well as an ethical one (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/reporting-and-referring-research-participants-ethical-challenges-for-investigators-studying-children-and-youth\/\">Fisher, 1994<\/a>).\u00a0Some\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/ethics\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Ethics&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Ethics also involves the study and development of our own ethical standards via continual examination of our moral beliefs and conduct.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">ethics<\/a>\u00a0review committees and institutional review boards require mandated reporting of suspected child abuse, and this mandatory approach is recommended by some researchers to provide clear guidelines, prioritise child protection and ensure uniform research practice (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/are-researchers-ethically-obligated-to-report-suspected-child-maltreatment-a-critical-analysis-of-opposing-perspectives-2\/\">Allen, 2009<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/are-researchers-bound-by-child-abuse-reporting-laws\/\">Steinberg, Pynoos, Goenjian, Sossanabadi &amp; Sherr, 1999<\/a>). The lack of consistency across international contexts, within countries and across ethical review boards underscores the importance of researchers considering the issue prior to starting data collection and creating a plan or protocol to follow if required. Making a contingency plan before the research starts, for providing support or referral to appropriate services for children who reveal themselves to be at risk of harm, provides some relief from difficult dilemmas.<\/p><p>The needs of the research must not subsume ethical responsibilities toward children who may be at risk. However, some researchers intentionally use methods to prevent disclosure, avoid reporting child abuse and assure confidentiality (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/methodological-and-ethical-issues-related-to-studying-child-maltreatment\/\">Socolar, Runyan &amp; Amaya-Jackson, 1995<\/a>), such as limiting response options, warning participants not to tell, and masking the responses so that the data is\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/anonymity\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Anonymity&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Anonymity refers to concealing participants\u2019 identities in all documents resulting from research.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">anonymous<\/a>, thus avoiding researcher knowledge of individual disclosure of concern. These methods avoid compromising confidentiality, but clearly the principles of\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/beneficence\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Beneficence&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Beneficence refers to actions that improve well-being and a researcher\u2019s obligation to strive for their research to improve the status, rights and\/or well-being of children.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">beneficence<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/justice\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Justice&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Justice is one of the three core principles of ERIC (along with benefit and respect). The principle of justice requires researchers to attend to the power differences inherent in the adult\/child research relationship; to find a balance between who receives the benefits from the research and who bears its burdens, and it must underpin decisions about \u2018which\u2019 children will be included\/excluded from research. Children should always be treated fairly and the benefits of research distributed equitably.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">justice<\/a>\u00a0and the researcher\u2019s obligation to act in the best interests of the child are neglected. In addition, children who may have an expectation that disclosure of concern in a research context would lead to help and support, despite assurances of confidentiality, are unsupported and may be discouraged from sharing again.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1845\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1845\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What if children (or parents) do not want to be anonymous in dissemination of research findings? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1845\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-246ce2a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"246ce2a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1845\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f767b5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8f767b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff1636a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff1636a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"theplus-accordion-item\" role=\"tab\"><div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2582\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix plus-accordion-content 0 active\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-tab=\"2\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2582\"><div class=\"plus-content-editor\"><div class=\"theplus-accordion-item\" role=\"tab\"><div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2586\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix plus-accordion-content 0 active\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-tab=\"6\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2586\"><div class=\"plus-content-editor\"><p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/anonymity\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Anonymity&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Anonymity refers to concealing participants\u2019 identities in all documents resulting from research.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Anonymity<\/a>\u00a0is usually the accepted norm in research and a means of avoiding harm. However, precautions against identifying participants (such as removing identifiers) are not always necessary, and may even impede appropriate recognition. Researchers need to be aware of the importance of ensuring that children\u2019s participation is recognised and valued in forms that are discernible and meaningful to the participants. Children sometimes want to have their real names used in publications and research reports in recognition of their participation. In some situations parents, supported by professionals, also may want to waive anonymity when they perceive that publication, which includes identifying information, will bring about sufficient\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/benefit\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Benefit&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Benefit is one of the three core principles of ERIC. In this context, benefit includes the principle of non-maleficence, doing no harm, and the principle of beneficence.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">benefits<\/a>\u00a0to warrant this. An example of this is apparent in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/facilitating-future-benefit-when-a-participant-has-a-degenerative-illness-and-cannot-give-consent-andrew-williams\/\">ERIC case study provided by Andrew Williams<\/a>, which gives identifying information that is already in the public domain as a means of illustrating the benefits of research involving a child with a degenerative condition.<\/p><p>When considering waiving anonymity, one consideration is the extent to which children can assess the potential risk and\/or long-term implications of using their own name. They may not have the experience to know where the material will end up and how it may be distorted by the media or others (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/are-you-afraid-of-press-and-social-media-ethics-in-photovoice-in-participatory-health-research\/\">Groot et al., 2023;<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/so-you-want-to-involve-children-in-research-a-toolkit-supporting-childrens-meaningful-and-ethical-participation-in-research-relating-to-violence-against-children\/\">Laws &amp; Mann, 2004<\/a>). However, this has to be balanced against individual children\u2019s ability to make a sound judgement and the reality that children may be better placed to assess the risks to themselves in familiar contexts. Discussing concerns with children is an important step in this decision-making process.\u00a0<\/p><p>In\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/participatory-research\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Participatory research&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Research carried out with and by participants themselves and involves the use of quantitative and\/or qualitative methods, adapted to suit their skills and aptitudes, so as to investigate their own social worlds. Participatory research often uses visual or creative methods such as photography, video, drawing, clay modelling, collage etc., to help facilitate children to share their experiences and perspectives.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">participatory research,<\/a>\u00a0where children are actively involved as co-researchers, they may have added impetus for wanting their names included to recognise and value their contributions. Harry Shier, in his ERIC blog post,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/blog\/anonymity-or-recognition\/\">Anonymity or recognition? Seeking harmony in an ethical grey area between researcher and researched<\/a>, argues that when children take on collaborative research roles such recognition may be more ethical than anonymisation. In such contexts, researchers and children can work together to identify any potential risks and advantages (now or in the future) of their names being included, so that informed decisions can be made.<\/p><p>However, while discussions with children are an ethical, rights-respecting approach, this can be problematic in situations where institutional ethics review clearance is required prior to beginning a study. It will require careful forward-planning and negotiation at the ethics application stage, to delay decisions about anonymity and allow considered conversations with children to take place after the research has commenced (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/participatory-research-and-the-ethics-of-anonymisation\/\">Godfrey-Faussett, 2022<\/a>).<\/p><p>The use of photographs that identity children in the dissemination of research raises issues around privacy and anonymity, both at the time of dissemination and also in the future, when the child may have a different opinion about the use of their image. It also raises issues related to power and representation of children (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/losing-face-photo-anonymisation-and-visual-research-integrity\/\">Allen, 2015<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/faceless-voiceless-child-ethics-of-visual-anonymity-in-research-with-children-and-young-people\/\">Korkiam\u00e4ki &amp; Kaukko, 2023<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/picture-this-safety-dignity-and-voice-ethical-research-with-children-practical-considerations-for-the-reflexive-researcher\/\">Phelan &amp; Kinsella, 2013<\/a>). Researchers often use ways to hide the identity of children involved in their research (or photographed by children involved in their research) in order to ensure they are not identifiable and maintain their anonymity. Strategies may include pixilation, blurring the face or image, or perhaps using only text in representation of the findings (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/naked-by-the-pool-blurring-the-image-ethical-issues-in-the-portrayal-of-young-children-in-arts-based-educational-research\/\">Nutbrown, 2010<\/a>). However, there is an ethical debate about children\u2019s voice \u2014 with some researchers arguing that, if\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/consent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Consent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;See Informed consent&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">consent<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/assent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Assent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;An informal agreement to participate in research. Assent is not universally recognised or agreed upon, with some advocating the use of consent in preference to assent.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">assent<\/a>\u00a0has been obtained from children to use their images, might researchers be silencing children in attempts to protect them? (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/faceless-voiceless-child-ethics-of-visual-anonymity-in-research-with-children-and-young-people\/\">Korkiam\u00e4ki &amp; Kaukko, 2023<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/naked-by-the-pool-blurring-the-image-ethical-issues-in-the-portrayal-of-young-children-in-arts-based-educational-research\/\">Nutbrown, 2010<\/a>). The issue of anonymity in relation to children\u2019s authentic representation raises tensions between protection and participation that are not easily resolved (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/the-people-in-the-pictures-research-taking-care-with-photo-elicitation\/\">Warrington, 2020<\/a>), particularly with the added dimension of speculating about the (unknown) future, as discussed in the ERIC blog post\u00a0by\u00a0Kay Tisdall, Marlies Kustatscher and Helen McAneney,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/blog\/childrens-images-online\/\">Children\u2019s images online: Dilemmas of participatory research<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1846\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1846\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What are the privacy and confidentiality challenges in the digital era? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1846\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e39e1b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4e39e1b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1846\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-866f6e0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"866f6e0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-802eee9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"802eee9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"theplus-accordion-item\" role=\"tab\"><div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2582\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix plus-accordion-content 0 active\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-tab=\"2\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2582\"><div class=\"plus-content-editor\"><div class=\"theplus-accordion-item\" role=\"tab\"><div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2586\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix plus-accordion-content 0 active\" role=\"tabpanel\" data-tab=\"6\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2586\"><div class=\"plus-content-editor\"><p>Privacy and confidentiality when conducting research with children online and\/or through the use of mobile phones or other electronic devices, is a fast-moving ethical space (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/research-ethics-and-digitising-early-childhood\/\">Dobson et al., 2021<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/ethical-issues-in-using-the-internet-to-engage-participants-in-family-and-child-research-a-scoping-review-2\/\">Hokke et al., 2018<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/ethical-dilemmas-in-qualitative-research-with-youth-on-offline\/\">Livingstone &amp; Locatelli, 2014<\/a>). Following the international Covid-19 pandemic, research with children online has become increasingly commonplace (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/im-going-to-call-my-friend-to-join-us-connections-and-challenges-in-online-video-interviews-with-children-during-covid-19\/\">Donison et al., 2023<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/to-do-or-not-to-do-practical-and-ethical-concerns-in-online-research-with-children-and-young-people-during-crises\/\">Khan et al., 2023<\/a>). However, this does not minimise the importance of engaging with the associated ethics around privacy and confidentiality.<\/p><p>In terms of physical hardware, access to a mobile phone, computer or other electronic device and the internet (and\/or internet speed) are ethical considerations in relation to equitable access and recruitment (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/to-do-or-not-to-do-practical-and-ethical-concerns-in-online-research-with-children-and-young-people-during-crises\/\">Khan et al., 2023<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/accessing-online-data-for-youth-mental-health-research-meeting-the-ethical-challenges\/\">Perez Vallejos et al., 2019<\/a>). To counteract potential barriers, some studies provide devices (and\/or mobile data) for\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/young-people\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Young people&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Youth is the transitional phase between childhood and adulthood. The term \u2018youth\u2019 is not defined in international law; however, working definitions from the United Nations use the term \u2018youth\u2019 for young people 15 years through to age 24 years. Young people are a heterogeneous group in constant evolution and the experience of \u2018being young\u2019 varies enormously across regions and within countries.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">young people<\/a>\u00a0to use during a study. In practice, though, the device children use, whether it belongs to them, a family member, or has been loaned to them for the study, may be shared with other households members or between others in an organisation and therefore there is a potential risk around data confidentiality (where people known to a child may gain access, intentionally or inadvertently, to information shared for research purposes).\u00a0<\/p><p>Age of the child permitting, online platforms and apps allowing private group chats or video calls, are sometimes used for online focus groups or sharing of\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/participatory-research\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Participatory research&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Research carried out with and by participants themselves and involves the use of quantitative and\/or qualitative methods, adapted to suit their skills and aptitudes, so as to investigate their own social worlds. Participatory research often uses visual or creative methods such as photography, video, drawing, clay modelling, collage etc., to help facilitate children to share their experiences and perspectives.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">participatory research<\/a>\u00a0materials (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/making-sense-of-slippages-re-evaluating-ethics-for-digital-research-with-children-and-young-people\/\">Cutting &amp; Peacock, 2021<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/im-going-to-call-my-friend-to-join-us-connections-and-challenges-in-online-video-interviews-with-children-during-covid-19\/\">Donison et al., 2023)<\/a>\u00a0. In video call contexts, while children can potentially chose their location, empowering their safety, the researcher has little control over confidentiality in terms of who might be out of camera-sight in each child\u2019s location and this needs to be given prior consideration. Private message group chats potentially allow privacy and safety, even on shared devices, especially if: participation in the chat is not linked to a public profile; group membership requests and participation are carefully monitored by the researcher or other appropriate moderators; clear boundaries around what is shared within the group (and what can be copied or downloaded from the group chat by members) are agreed; push notifications are not enabled on individual devices; and, participants have to enter a password to access the group. However, \u00a0the group data, and individual users broader \u2018<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/big-data\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Big Data&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The term \u2018Big Data\u2019 is used in a number of ways. It is typically distinguished from other data by &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;volume&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;, the speed with which it can be amassed (&amp;lt;em&amp;gt;velocity&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt;) and the &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;variety&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; of data aggregated. In research involving children, \u2018Big Data\u2019 often refers to aggregated sets of different types of data derived from multiple sources including people, machines or sensors. These might include social media, GPS data, education or health records, radio frequencies and consumer data. These aggregated datasets typically require advanced data analytics methods to extract &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;value&amp;lt;\/em&amp;gt; from the combined data.\u2018Big Data\u2019 offers the promise of insights into some of the world\u2019s most challenging social, health and geographical issues. However, Big Data also create unique ethical concerns at both individual and group levels.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">big data<\/a>\u2019 mosaic, remain at the mercy of the policies of the large social media operating these platforms (see the ERIC blog post by Stefaan Verhulst and Andrew Young,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/blog\/data-and-children\/\">The responsible use for data for and about children: Treading carefully and ethically<\/a>). Therefore, researchers need to carefully consider the choice of platform and the extent of control they can personally exercise (including scope to delete the group and group data at the end of the study) (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/ethical-dilemmas-in-qualitative-research-with-youth-on-offline\/\">Livingstone &amp; Locatelli, 2014<\/a>), alongside \u00a0a platform that is convenient and familiar for young people to use. Where data will be downloaded or stored by the researcher, this should be in a secure and\/or password protected space and encrypted if possible.<\/p><p>The internet houses a vast volume of data by, and about, children, some of which is open\/public, or readily accessible by joining special-interest or help-seeking forums. Nevertheless, it is generally not considered ethical to make use of this data for research purposes without gaining\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/informed-consent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Informed consent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Informed consent refers to the process of fully informing children and their parents\/carers of the purpose of the research and what their involvement will be, prior to their decision to participate or not. It is an explicit agreement which requires participants to be informed about and have an understanding of the research. Informed consent must be given voluntarily and be renegotiable, so that children may withdraw at any stage of the research process (sometimes referred to as on-going or process consent \/ assent).&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">informed consent<\/a>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/accessing-online-data-for-youth-mental-health-research-meeting-the-ethical-challenges\/\">Perez Vallejos et al., 2019<\/a>), just as it would not be ethical to observe children for research purposes in public spaces without permission. It can be time-consuming and resource-intensive to find ways to incorporate informed consent procedures into existing forums for research purposes so this will need to be accounted for in the project budget (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/accessing-online-data-for-youth-mental-health-research-meeting-the-ethical-challenges\/\">Perez Vallejos et al., 2019<\/a>).<\/p><p>The fast changing nature of technology, and divergence of opinions, means that\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/research\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Research&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC conceptualises research as the collection of data or information within the framework of a methodical study in order to answer specific questions or test hypotheses. This is relevant across the range of research contexts and includes evaluation, monitoring and implementation activities.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">research<\/a>\u00a0in this space requires consultation with data stakeholders or moderators, communities (including online communities) children and families prior to undertaking research (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/making-sense-of-slippages-re-evaluating-ethics-for-digital-research-with-children-and-young-people\/\">Cutting &amp; Peacock, 2023<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/research-ethics-and-digitising-early-childhood\/\">Dobson et al., 2021<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/accessing-online-data-for-youth-mental-health-research-meeting-the-ethical-challenges\/\">Perez Vallejos et al., 2019<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/ethical-dilemmas-in-qualitative-research-with-youth-on-offline\/\">Livingstone &amp; Locatelli, 2014<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/ethical-and-safety-guidelines-for-sexual-and-reproductive-health-research-and-data-collection-with-adolescents-draft\/\">WHO, 2011<\/a>). The\u00a0ERIC blog post\u00a0by\u00a0Kay Tisdall, Marlies Kustatscher and Helen McAneney,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/blog\/childrens-images-online\/\">Children\u2019s images online: Dilemmas of participatory research<\/a>, highlights some of the dilemmas and debates in this space, and these are also briefly mentioned in the ERIC case study by Nicola Wallis. \u00a0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ea8afa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0ea8afa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee6e540 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee6e540\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Privacy and Confidentiality: ERIC Case Studies<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3e3946 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e3e3946\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9b7ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a9b7ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The following ERIC Case Studies offer insight into how others have navigated privacy and confidentiality issues in research involving children and young people in different contexts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8ca9fe e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b8ca9fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed08696 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ed08696\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/negotiating-consent-confidentiality-and-privacy-in-focus-groups-with-children-and-young-people\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c535bb elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"8c535bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd7be35 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd7be35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Negotiating confidentiality, privacy and consent in focus groups with children and young people (Australia).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae5b11d animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae5b11d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Tim Moore<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06f786c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"06f786c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/maintaining-confidentiality-of-responses-and-preventing-social-desirability-bias-with-an-innovative-method-the-polling-booth-in-research-on-early-marriage-including-child-marriage-by-urvashi-wattal\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05d3ef5 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"05d3ef5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42ccfc8 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42ccfc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Maintaining confidentiality of responses and preventing social desirability bias with an innovative method (Child marriage, India).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2078c6c animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2078c6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Urvashi Wattal &amp; Angela Chaudhuri<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91eaf76 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"91eaf76\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c04a648 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c04a648\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/negotiating-consent-confidentiality-and-privacy-in-focus-groups-with-children-and-young-people\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3195be elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"a3195be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae50a2 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ae50a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Interviewing children with a disability in the presence of a parent (Northern Ireland).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ca39dc animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ca39dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Berni Kelly<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-061f918 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"061f918\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/maintaining-confidentiality-of-responses-and-preventing-social-desirability-bias-with-an-innovative-method-the-polling-booth-in-research-on-early-marriage-including-child-marriage-by-urvashi-wattal\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11c27a4 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"11c27a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9075169 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9075169\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Child protection and confidentiality: Surveying children\u2019s experiences of violence, abuse and neglect (UK).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b4fce5 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b4fce5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Lorraine Radford<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e1c534 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8e1c534\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/interviewing-children-with-disability-in-the-presence-of-a-parent-by-berni-kelly\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5d9bfc elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"f5d9bfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b38186 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b38186\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Peer research and young people in and leaving outof- home care (UK).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b80428 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0b80428\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Clare Lushey &amp; Emily T. Munro<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ef015aa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"5ef015aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-364840dc elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"364840dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2623d703 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2623d703\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Keywords<\/strong>: privacy and confidentiality, privacy protection, confidentiality in research, data security, ethical boundaries<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Privacy and Confidentiality Respecting the privacy and confidentiality of children and young people participating in research involves close consideration of several aspects: Privacy\u00a0with regard to\u00a0how much information\u00a0the\u00a0child\u00a0wants to reveal or share, and with whom; How to discuss research confidentiality with children, including mention of the limits to this (e.g., safety concerns such as\u00a0harm,\u00a0neglect\u00a0or abuse), in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9469,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6630","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6630","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6630"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6630\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11257,"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6630\/revisions\/11257"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9469"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6630"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}