{"id":7122,"date":"2022-05-12T11:04:27","date_gmt":"2022-05-12T01:04:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/?page_id=7122"},"modified":"2024-11-18T11:02:14","modified_gmt":"2024-11-18T00:02:14","slug":"payment-and-compensation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/payment-and-compensation\/","title":{"rendered":"PAYMENT &#038; COMPENSATION"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"7122\" class=\"elementor elementor-7122\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0437ce6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0437ce6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-570acca e-con-full animated-slow e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"570acca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[],&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2209f4 e-con-full animated-slow e-flex elementor-invisible e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2209f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[],&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:500}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c85974d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c85974d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Payment and Compensation<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cf082b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4cf082b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e7d446 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1e7d446\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a620e5c animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a620e5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The guiding principles of justice, benefit and respect underpin the need for research participants to be properly acknowledged, adequately recompensed and given fair returns for their involvement. In general, research participants should be appropriately reimbursed for any expenses, compensated for effort, time or lost income, and acknowledged for their contribution. However, payment should be avoided if it potentially pressures, coerces, bribes, persuades, controls, or causes economic or social disadvantage.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7da0692 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7da0692\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddb914f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ddb914f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c36a3d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c36a3d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>You can download a pdf of the\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/eric\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ERIC&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC is the acronym for Ethical Research Involving Children, which is the title of the international, collaborative project that produced the ERIC compendium and the ERIC website. It is not associated in any way with a library database that also has the ERIC acronym.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">ERIC<\/a> guidance on <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/payment\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Payment&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;There are four main forms of payment in research. 1. Reimbursement payments \u2013 when children and\/or parents are paid to cover the direct expenses related to participation. 2. Compensation payments \u2013 in which children and\/or parents are recompensed for their time, work and effort, and for any inconvenience caused by participation. 3. Appreciation payments - bonuses or tokens given to children after their participation to thank them for their contribution (these are often not disclosed during recruitment to reduce coercion). 4. Incentive payments \u2013 which are designed to encourage the participation of children in research.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">payment<\/a> and compensation for <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/research\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Research&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC conceptualises research as the collection of data or information within the framework of a methodical study in order to answer specific questions or test hypotheses. This is relevant across the range of research contexts and includes evaluation, monitoring and implementation activities.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">research<\/a>\u00a0involving\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/child\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Child&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC adopts the definition of a child, consistent with Article 1 of the UNCRC, as &amp;quot;every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.\u201d&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">children<\/a>. This is available in <a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/ERIC-Payment-Section-English.pdf\">English<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/ERIC-Payment-Section-FR.pdf\">fran\u00e7ais<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/ERIC-Payment-Section-ES.pdf\">espa\u00f1ol<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/ERIC_Payment-Section-Korean.pdf\">\ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/ERIC_Payment-Section-Turkish.pdf\">T\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/ERIC-Payment-Section-Bahasa-Indonesian.pdf\">Bahasa Indonesia<\/a>. Continue below for a summary in English.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3219f58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3219f58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f75968 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"5f75968\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1000\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1000\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Understanding payment and compensation in research <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1000\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deed2be e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"deed2be\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1000\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54c10ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54c10ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1000\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2126895 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2126895\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1000\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15ba32c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"15ba32c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eaab63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2eaab63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a620e5c animated-slow elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor animated fadeIn\" data-id=\"a620e5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><p>Four types of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/payment\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;\/p&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Payment&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;There are four main forms of payment in research.1. Reimbursement payments \u2013 when children and\/or parents are paid to cover the direct expenses related to participation.2. Compensation payments \u2013 in which children and\/or parents are recompensed for their time, work and effort, and for any inconvenience caused by participation.3. Appreciation payments - bonuses or tokens given to children after their participation to thank them for their contribution (these are often not disclosed during recruitment to reduce coercion).4. Incentive payments \u2013 which are designed to encourage the participation of children in research.&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">payment<\/a>\u00a0have been identified in\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/research\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;\/p&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Research&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC conceptualises research as the collection of data or information within the framework of a methodical study in order to answer specific questions or test hypotheses. This is relevant across the range of research contexts and includes evaluation, monitoring and implementation activities.&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">research: <\/a>reimbursement;\u00a0compensation;\u00a0appreciation; and,\u00a0incentive\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/best-practices-for-health-research-involving-children-and-adolescents-genetic-pharmaceutical-longitudinal-studies-and-palliative-care-research-2\/\">Avard et al., 2011<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/commentary-the-ethics-of-paying-for-childrens-participation-in-research\/\">Wendler, Rackoff, Emanuel &amp; Grady, 2002<\/a>).<\/p><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4763d42 animated-slow elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor animated fadeIn\" data-id=\"4763d42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\"><div class=\"elementor-widget-container\"><p class=\"p1\">Each of these forms of payment require consideration and have ethical ramifications. As signalled above, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/research-participants\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;\/p&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Research participants&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The individuals who take part in a study, either directly or indirectly via a representative, and who have given their informed consent.&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">research participants<\/a>\u00a0should generally be appropriately reimbursed for any expenses, compensated for time or lost income, and acknowledged for their contribution. However, payment should be avoided if it potentially pressures, coerces, bribes, persuades, controls, or causes economic or social disadvantage. Correspondingly, issues of payment, compensation and reciprocity can be complex and fraught, particularly when working across different cultural contexts.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">The\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/eric\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;\/p&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;ERIC&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC is the acronym for Ethical Research Involving Children, which is the title of the international, collaborative project that produced the ERIC compendium and the ERIC website. It is not associated in any way with a library database that also has the ERIC acronym.&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">ERIC<\/a>\u00a0Case studies (see below) offer insight into how other\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;\/p&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">researchers<\/a>\u00a0have navigated payment and compensation issues in different parts of the world.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1000\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92d14f5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"92d14f5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da38ad6 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"da38ad6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Payment-Graphic.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-10085\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Payment-Graphic.png 960w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Payment-Graphic-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Payment-Graphic-768x432.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1001\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1001\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What guidance can we draw from the UNCRC in relation to payment and compensation? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1001\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-439abcc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"439abcc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1001\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-011e87e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"011e87e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1001\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f63703 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5f63703\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1001\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d314d51 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d314d51\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-514d95b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"514d95b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>No\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/child\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Child&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC adopts the definition of a child, consistent with Article 1 of the UNCRC, as &amp;quot;every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier.\u201d&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">child<\/a>\u00a0should be discriminated against on the basis of their sex, race, religion, abilities, or any other social or political characteristics, in terms of their participation in research (Article 2).<\/li><li><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Researchers<\/a>, research organisations and governments have a responsibility to do what is best for children and make sure that all children are protected (Article 3).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1002\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1002\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Summary: Best Practice <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1002\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05992ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"05992ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1002\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51f8231 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"51f8231\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1002\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7e4cdc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b7e4cdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1002\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4f8ac2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f4f8ac2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e175a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e175a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5>Best practice requires that you:<\/h5><ul><li>Ensure that any payment is not used to unduly bribe, coerce or pressure children or parents to participate in research, or influence the nature of their responses;<\/li><li>Take social and cultural contexts into account and consult locally about payment and other forms of reciprocity in research;<\/li><li>Be aware of the possibility of pre-existing expectations regarding research participation and the risk of associated disappointment, work to ensure that payment does not directly raise unrealistic expectations.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1003\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1003\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Putting the Guidance into Practice: Reflexive Questions <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1003\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be003e6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"be003e6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1003\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10b41a2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"10b41a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1003\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e0734d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e0734d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1003\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-462ab61 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"462ab61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e27d10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e27d10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>How will children\u2019s participation be recognised and supported financially or otherwise?<\/li><li>How will you ensure that children\u2019s participation will not conflict with other responsibilities they have related to their family\u2019s economic wellbeing?<\/li><li>Will children or parents need any financial compensation (for example, for lost earnings) or reimbursement for costs associated with participation the research?<\/li><li>Will there be any appreciation payments for children\u2019s participation in the research?<\/li><li>What form will any payment take (for example, money, food, gifts, educational materials) and who will receive the payment \u2013 the child, parents, community?<\/li><li>How and when will information on payment be disclosed? Will it be disclosed in the\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/consent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Consent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;See Informed consent&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">consent<\/a>\u00a0process, after the children have agreed to participate, or at the end of the research?<\/li><li>Have payments associated with children\u2019s participation been factored into the research costs?<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa17284 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"fa17284\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d03530 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1d03530\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d48ada6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d48ada6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8f189b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c8f189b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b24d08c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b24d08c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Payment and Compensation: Frequently Asked Questions<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e89ef0 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1e89ef0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72e1cbb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"72e1cbb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87f2ea8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"87f2ea8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6aaaa5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"6aaaa5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1110\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1110\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> When should participants be given information regarding payment? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1110\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d851a8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4d851a8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1110\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c07007c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c07007c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a92bd24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a92bd24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When considering offering some form of payment or compensation, timing is important \u2013 timing in terms of disclosing that some form of payment will be made and of actually making the payment. The type of payment likely influences when is most appropriate and ethical.<\/p><p>For appreciation payments,\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">researchers<\/a>\u00a0may elect not to inform participants in advance that there will be an appreciation payment and give the payment or gift at the end of the\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/data\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Data&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Data comes in many different formats and is gathered for different purposes, and through different processes, using a wide range of methods. Essentially, research &amp;#039;data\u2019 refers to any information that has been collected, generated or created for the purpose of producing research findings. In research involving children, data may include, but is not limited to, interview transcripts and\/ or notes, observational \/ field notes, survey responses, child or researcher-framed videos or photographs, drawings or other creative works, digital data linked to a social media site, test responses, results of a health or medical test (undertaken as a part of a study). All such data requires appropriate consent to be collected and used, and must be securely stored. &lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">data<\/a>\u00a0collection, in order to ensure that it is not used to induce children and families to take part and impact on their freely given\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/consent\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Consent&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;See Informed consent&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">consent<\/a>. In addition, delaying disclosure of payment can help reduce the occurrence of children trying to please the\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px; font-family: ERIC, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">researcher<\/a>\u00a0by telling them what they perceive would make them happy, rather than sharing their actual experiences and feelings.<\/p><p>However, for reimbursements and compensation payments (such as for travel costs) it may be more appropriate to inform participants in advance so that financial reasons are not a barrier to taking part.\u00a0Compensation for time, and considering whether to disclose this in advance, is also an important consideration in contexts in which children contribute to their household financially or through related duties (such as caring for younger siblings or livestock) (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/children-as-research-collaborators-issues-and-reflections-from-a-mobility-study-in-sub-saharan-africa\/\">Porter et al., 2010<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/doing-it-right-working-with-young-researchers-in-malawi-to-investigate-children-transport-and-mobility\/\">Robson, Porter, Hampshire &amp; Bourdillon, 2009<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/researching-street-frequenting-young-people-in-suva-ethical-considerations-and-their-impacts\/\">Vakaoti, 2009<\/a>).<\/p><p>Incentives, by their very nature, are usually disclosed during recruitment to encourage participation in a study. However, their use requires particularly careful ethical consideration as\u00a0discussed in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/__trashed-3\/\">ERIC case study by Kathryn Seymour<\/a>\u00a0in which a participation strategy was developed for use in the study with 12-18 year olds, reflecting multiple layers of consideration given to issues of payment and compensation.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1111\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1111\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> How can payment of research participants be addressed in locally specific ways? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1111\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e8900f6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e8900f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1111\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9415cf7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9415cf7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd8c398 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bd8c398\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Careful consideration of the local social and cultural context is crucial in determining the nature of any payment or compensation.\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Researchers<\/a>\u00a0may need to consider the value of people\u2019s time, their willingness to undertake research activities, the reality of poverty and the capacity to miss work to talk to researchers (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/the-ethics-of-social-research-with-children-and-families-in-young-lives-practical-experiences-2\/\">Morrow, 2009<\/a>).<\/p><p>When working in different cultural contexts, it is important for researchers to find avenues through which to access and consult with local communities of interest early in the research process. These can be relatively informal or through more formal means, such as the establishment of community consultation boards (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/ethical-approaches-to-gathering-information-from-children-and-adolescents-in-international-settings-guidelines-and-resources\/\">Schenk &amp; Williamson, 2005<\/a>). In addition to other matters relating to the project, local insight will help guide decisions about payment and compensation at community and individual levels.<\/p><p>Often non-monetary forms of payment or compensation are provided by researchers. For example, certificates of recognition or printed-out photographs for individual participants, educational materials (either for the local school and\/or for individual children), the provision of healthy snacks, small gifts (bearing in mind local waste disposal capacity) or vouchers. However, where children would otherwise be involved in earning money to economically support their family and\/or in contexts where vouchers are not readily used, monetary compensation may be the most appropriate form of recompense (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/children-as-research-collaborators-issues-and-reflections-from-a-mobility-study-in-sub-saharan-africa\/\">Porter et al., 2010<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/doing-it-right-working-with-young-researchers-in-malawi-to-investigate-children-transport-and-mobility\/\">Robson, Porter, Hampshire &amp; Bourdillon, 2009<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/researching-street-frequenting-young-people-in-suva-ethical-considerations-and-their-impacts\/\">Vakaoti, 2009<\/a>) and important to ensure that participants are not exploited or disadvantaged in any way through their participation.<\/p><p>It may not always be necessary or appropriate for communities or participants to have exactly the same payment type or amount, as\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/equity\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Equity&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The quality of being fair and impartial.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">equity<\/a>\u00a0may be more readily achieved through responding sensitively to the local context. For example, in the international, longitudinal Young Lives study researchers addressed remuneration differently in different countries \u2013 some paid respondents, others gave small thank you gifts and others encouraged children to buy school materials (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/the-ethics-of-social-research-with-children-and-families-in-young-lives-practical-experiences-2\/\">Morrow, 2009<\/a>). These issues are discussed in-depth in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/__trashed-2\/\">ERIC case study by Virginia Morrow<\/a>.<\/p><p>While the\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/benefit\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Benefit&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Benefit is one of the three core principles of ERIC. In this context, benefit includes the principle of non-maleficence, doing no harm, and the principle of beneficence.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">benefits<\/a>\u00a0of participating directly in research do not equate with or replace compensation, it is worth bearing in mind that participation in research can have a formative value and a range of\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/benefit\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Benefit&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Benefit is one of the three core principles of ERIC. In this context, benefit includes the principle of non-maleficence, doing no harm, and the principle of beneficence.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">benefits<\/a>\u00a0that may be non-monetary. These might include learning about the findings, education, having an enjoyable experience and children knowing that their views and opinions are listened to, and it may lead to further action, direct political\/ economic betterment, and the opportunity to access resources.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1112\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1112\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What are the additional considerations related to payment in situations of acute poverty? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1112\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1d9cd2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e1d9cd2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1112\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e1c393 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7e1c393\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-129c2d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"129c2d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In contexts where children and families live in poverty, ethical concerns regarding payment (particularly incentives) are accentuated, as potential participants are especially vulnerable to coercion, exploitation and bribery (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/ethical-approaches-to-gathering-information-from-children-and-adolescents-in-international-settings-guidelines-and-resources\/\">Schenk &amp; Williamson, 2005<\/a>). Participants may place themselves at greater than usual risk because they need the goods and services offered by the\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/researcher\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Researcher&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC has been developed to support all researchers, individuals and organisations who are involved in research that is undertaken with, or potentially impacts on, children. This includes all members of any research team, research organisations, other stakeholders and research ethics review committees.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">researcher<\/a>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/incentives-children-research\/\">Rice &amp; Broome, 2004<\/a>).<\/p><p>Even when incentives are not offered, potential research participants may have raised expectations of benefits or advantages to participation as a consequence of opportunities and interventions offered by other unrelated research projects and non-government organizations (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/the-potential-and-challenges-of-rights-based-research-with-children-and-young-people-experiences-from-bangladesh-2\/\">Ahsan, 2009<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/situated-ethics-possibilities-for-young-children-as-research-participants-in-the-south-african-context\/\">Ebrahim, 2010<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/ethical-dilemmas-of-social-science-research-on-aids-and-orphanhood-in-western-kenya\/\">Nyambedha, 2008<\/a>). For instance, potential participants may hold expectations that being involved in research will gain them access to academic or other organizations. Similarly, they may expect to see an identifiable change to policies or practices that impact them.\u00a0The subsequent disappointment may be accompanied by a sense of deception, and represent a\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; margin-bottom: 0px;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/harm\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Harm&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Harm in research includes physical retribution or punishment from others for participating or not participating in research activities, as well as physical harm, emotional distress, anxiety or loss of self-esteem as direct consequences of the research study itself.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">harm<\/a>\u00a0experienced as a consequence of research participation. These issues require researchers to be critically aware of the expectations that may be raised, to present expected outcomes as clearly as possible and to clarify misperceptions around the benefits that may be forthcoming.<\/p><p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/research\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Research&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;ERIC conceptualises research as the collection of data or information within the framework of a methodical study in order to answer specific questions or test hypotheses. This is relevant across the range of research contexts and includes evaluation, monitoring and implementation activities.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">Research<\/a>\u00a0in poverty situations also brings to light the relationship between the researcher and research participants, and issues of fidelity and reciprocity in ethical decision-making about payment, something explored in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/reciprocity-in-participatory-research-with-children-in-precarious-contexts-tatek-abebe\/\">ERIC case study by Tatek Abebe<\/a>\u00a0in the context of\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/participatory-research\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Participatory research&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Research carried out with and by participants themselves and involves the use of quantitative and\/or qualitative methods, adapted to suit their skills and aptitudes, so as to investigate their own social worlds. Participatory research often uses visual or creative methods such as photography, video, drawing, clay modelling, collage etc., to help facilitate children to share their experiences and perspectives.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">participatory research<\/a>\u00a0in Ethiopia. Some researchers argue that when faced with poverty it is ethical and humane to help participants out with gifts, tokens or small amounts of cash to help meet practical needs (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/multiple-methods-complex-dilemmas-negotiating-socio-ethical-spaces-in-participatory-research-with-disadvantaged-children-2\/\">Abebe, 2009<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/researching-reintegration-formerly-abducted-children-northern-uganda-action-research-experiences-reflections-2\/\">Angucia, Zeelen &amp; de Jong, 2010<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/researching-street-frequenting-young-people-in-suva-ethical-considerations-and-their-impacts\/\">Vakaoti, 2009<\/a>). However, this can be problematic when not all children in a community can participate in a study (see response to the question below). Other possibilities include putting people in touch with sources of support and advice.\u00a0Researchers are required to balance reciprocity with the other ethical issues and implications of payment.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1113\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1113\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> What are the implications within the community of payment to research participants? <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1113\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7590347 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7590347\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1113\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-945de0d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"945de0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1f3382 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f1f3382\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Appreciation payments or gifts have the possibility of fuelling tension and resentment. This can occur in any setting where not all of the children who are present are participating in the study (such as in an educational setting, where only a small number of children are taking part) (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/why-havent-i-got-one-of-those-a-consideration-regarding-the-need-to-protect-non-participant-children-in-early-years-research\/\">Richardson, 2019<\/a>). Tension and resentment against participating children can run deeper in situations of extreme poverty\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/journal-articles\/child-participation-in-research-reflections-on-ethical-challenges-in-the-southern-african-context-2\/\">Clacherty &amp; Donald, 2007<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/research-with-children-living-in-situations-of-armed-conflict-concepts-ethics-methods\/\">Hart &amp; Tyrer, 2006<\/a>). Instead, researchers may choose to provide resources to schools, medical centres, libraries or other spaces that benefit children across the community, taking care to ensure that children know about and will be allowed access to these resources (<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/library\/other-literature\/ethical-approaches-to-gathering-information-from-children-and-adolescents-in-international-settings-guidelines-and-resources\/\">Schenk &amp; Williamson, 2005<\/a>). This may reduce the potential for resentment and help ensure\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; text-decoration: none !important; color: #000000 !important; box-shadow: none; font-weight: 500; border-bottom: 1px dotted #000000; font-family: ERIC, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/beneficence\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Beneficence&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Beneficence refers to actions that improve well-being and a researcher\u2019s obligation to strive for their research to improve the status, rights and\/or well-being of children.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">beneficence<\/a>, but relies on local knowledge and\/or discussion with a broad representation of community members and stakeholders. It can be a complex process as\u00a0flagged in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/research-ethics-committee-conditions-ethical-challenges-of-researching-with-poor-communities-in-malawi\/\">ERIC Case Study by Elsbeth Robson<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c9dcb0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7c9dcb0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d2462a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d2462a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Payment and Compensation: ERIC Case Studies<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1f6d23 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b1f6d23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71d286b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71d286b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe following ERIC Case Studies offer insight into the complexities of payment and compensation in research involving children and\u00a0<a class=\"glossaryLink\" border-width: 0px 0px 1px; border-image: initial; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; outline: 0px; color: #000000 !important; text-decoration: none !important; transition: color 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.02, 0.54, 0.58, 1) 0s; font-family: Montserrat; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; border-color: initial initial #000000 initial; border-style: initial initial dotted initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/glossary\/young-people\/\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemTitle&gt;Young people&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;Youth is the transitional phase between childhood and adulthood. The term \u2018youth\u2019 is not defined in international law; however, working definitions from the United Nations use the term \u2018youth\u2019 for young people 15 years through to age 24 years. Young people are a heterogeneous group in constant evolution and the experience of \u2018being young\u2019 varies enormously across regions and within countries.&lt;\/div&gt;\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes=\"[{&quot;attribute&quot;:&quot;data-cmtooltip&quot;, &quot;format&quot;:&quot;html&quot;}]\">young people<\/a>\u00a0in different contexts.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf39fcb e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"cf39fcb\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7141f3e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7141f3e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/__trashed-3\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e2383c elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"5e2383c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1079e27 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1079e27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Ethical considerations when using incentives in youth research (Australia).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1cd497 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f1cd497\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Kathryn Seymour<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e5b011 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6e5b011\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/reciprocity-in-participatory-research-with-children-in-precarious-contexts-tatek-abebe\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ea1e9 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"d2ea1e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f1cfba animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f1cfba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Reciprocity in participatory research with children in precarious contexts (Ethiopia).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc50308 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc50308\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Tatek Abebe<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75294f6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"75294f6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23211aa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"23211aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/__trashed-3\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb4d533 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"cb4d533\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a8c21c animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a8c21c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Payments to young researchers in Malawi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48f1aca animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48f1aca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Elsbeth Robson, Alister Munthali, Gina Porter &amp; Kate Hampshire<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54b59f1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"54b59f1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/reciprocity-in-participatory-research-with-children-in-precarious-contexts-tatek-abebe\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74db729 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"74db729\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e3bfb9 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e3bfb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Payment in different contexts: How can payment reflect local considerations? (Ethiopia, India, Peru &amp; Vietnam)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82d6fd4 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82d6fd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Virginia Morrow<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<a class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d412099 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d412099\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\" href=\"https:\/\/childethics.com\/case-studies\/__trashed\/\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-961aaeb elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"961aaeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-558e045 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"558e045\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Research ethics committee conditions: Ethical challenges of researching with poor communities in Malawi.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-191c46d animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"191c46d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By Elsbeth Robson<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2b9959 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2b2b9959\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6eb7b7cf elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6eb7b7cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-251f0538 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"251f0538\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Keywords<\/strong>: Payment and compensation, fair compensation, participant incentives, ethical payment, child involvement<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Payment and Compensation The guiding principles of justice, benefit and respect underpin the need for research participants to be properly acknowledged, adequately recompensed and given fair returns for their involvement. In general, research participants should be appropriately reimbursed for any expenses, compensated for effort, time or lost income, and acknowledged for their contribution. However, payment [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9463,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7122","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7122","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7122"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7122\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11263,"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7122\/revisions\/11263"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9463"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/childethics.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7122"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}